THE DIFFERENT

BLOOD GROUPS
ABO BLOOD RELATIONSHIP
THE “RH” OR “D” BLOOD FACTOR
•ABO
IN 1900, KARL LANDSTEINER, AN
BLOOD RELATIONSHIPS
AUSTRIAN SCIENTIST AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA
• DISCOVERED FOUR DIFFERENT
BLOOD GROUPS : THE BLOOD
GROUPS ARE A, B, AB, AND O
• THE SPECIFIC COMBINATION OF
THIS FOUR COMPONENTS
DETERMINES AN INDIVIDUAL’S
BLOOD TYPE.
• LANDSTEINER WAS AWARDED THE
NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE FOR
 • Chemical substances (usually) called
antigens and antibodies are mostly
responsible for there blood types.
• The antigens are located on the plasma
membrane of the red blood cells and the
blood groups are called after them.
• The antibodies are in the blood plasma.
Human beings have different types and
combinations of these molecules.
• However, the antigens ad the antibodies
of a person belonging to a particular
blood type should be compatible with
each other.
Antigens
are substances that cause your immune system to produce antibodies
against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the
substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from
the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen.

Antibodies
-are protective proteins that fight against the antigens

The blood group where you belong depends on what you

have INHERITED FROM YOUR PARENTS.
• Blood type A person has antigen A in
the red blood cells and antibody b in the
plasma

• Blood type B person has antigen B in

the red blood cells and antibody a in the
plasma
• Blood type AB person has both antigens
A and B in the red blood cells and no a
or b antibodies in the plasma.

• Blood type O person neither has A or B

antigens in the red blood cells but has
both a and b antibodies in the plasma.
Blood type Antigens
(Red blood cells)
Antibodies
(Blood Plasma)

A A Anti b
B B Anti a
AB A and B No
Antibodies
O No Antigens Anti a and b
The variations in the human blood group components
 • A blood type O person does not have
antigens A and B. Therefore, during
O
blood transfusion, their blood will not
reject when it is given to others with
A B blood types A and B. as a result, type
O are referred to as UNIVERSAL
DONORS.
AB • However, blood type O can receive
blood only from another blood type O
person.
 • A blood type AB person does not
have any a or b antibodies.
O Therefore, during blood transfusion,
their blood will not discriminate
against any of the A, B and O types.
A B
• Consequently, they are considered
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS. But their
blood will clump or agglutinate when
AB
given to people with any other type
because their blood has both types of
Antigens.
THE RH OR “D”
BLOOD FACTOR
 THE RH OR “D” BLOOD FACTOR
• THE RH FACTOR IS THE SECOND MOST SIGNIFICANT BLOOD-
GROUP SYSTEM IN THE HUMANS.
• IT PRESENTLY CONSISTS OF 50 ANTIGENS; THE MOST COMMON
AND CONSIDERED THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SINCE IT PROVOKES
THE COMMON BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM IS ANTIGEN D.
• ANTIGENS FOR RH FACTOR ARE ALSO LOCATED AT THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS.
Persons who have it are Rh+; those who lack it are
Rh-

Rh- people do not have Rh antibodies in their plasma.

But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh

antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she received
blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh
antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies.
Person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from
a person with Rh- without a problem while
Rh- can’t.
The ABO and Rh systems are the most
important bases used for blood transfusions.
Not all blood groups are compatible with
each other. Mixing incompatible blood
groups leads to blood clumping agglutination,
which is dangerous for individuals.
 The agglutinated or clumped blood clogs
blood vessels and stops the circulation of the
blood to various parts of the body. The blood
vessel with agglutinated blood can also crack
and its contents leak out in the body.
Hemoglobin, which is an important
component of the blood, becomes toxic when
it leaks out and mixes with the other fluid.
This phenomenon can have fatal consequence
THANK YOU!