SU NIC

BS O RS
O
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NOZZLE

L INC
SIB OM
RES PRE
S SIB
P E LE
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NOZZLE:
DEFINITION

• A nozzle is a device that increases the

velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
• A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down
NOZZLE: CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA
• The cross-sectional area of a nozzle decreases in
the flow direction for subsonic
flows(INCOMPRESSIBLE) and increases for
supersonic flows (COMPRESSIBLE).
• The reverse is true for diffusers

**Gas/Steam behave as
• incompressible at subsonic velocity and
• Compressible in supersonic velocity

***For incompressible flow, the relation

between area and velocity is ALWAYS inversely
proportional.
INCOMPRESSIBLE VS COMPRESSIBLE

• For incompressible flow, the density remains constant hence the

continuity equation takes the simple form:
AV=Constant [A α
• For compressible flow, density changes with the change of pressure. So,
at low pressure the density decreases which means a greater specific
volume i.e. same mass will now occupy larger volume.
• Since we can not disobey the law of conservation of mass, this large
volume must move faster to give space the incoming mass.
***Bernoulli’s Equation, does not hold for COMPRESSIBLE FLUID.
NOZZLE: Choking

• Nozzle choking is a compressible flow

effect.
• The parameter that becomes "choked" or
"limited" is the fluid velocity.
• Choked flow is a limiting condition where
the mass flow will not increase with a
further decrease in the downstream
pressure environment for a fixed
upstream pressure and temperature.
Nozzle: Choking

• The highest velocity to which a fluid can be accelerated in a

converging nozzle is limited to the sonic velocity (Ma =1),
which occurs at the exit plane (throat) of the nozzle.
• Accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities (Ma > 1) can be
accomplished only by attaching a diverging flow section to the
subsonic nozzle at the throat.
• For given inlet conditions, the flow through a converging–
diverging nozzle is governed by the back pressure.
 INTERESTING THING TO NOTICE

FLUID FLOW IN A DIFFUSER IS FROM LOW PRESSURE REGION

TO HIGH PRESSURE REGION!!!
Nozzle: Steam Ejector
NOZZLE: STEAM
TURBINE

• Considered as First Steam Turbine

• Pure reaction turbine
STEAM TURBINE: Impulse Vs Reaction
• Impulse Turbine: Acts on Impact force.
• In nozzle
• Increase in velocity.
• Decrease in pressure
• In Moving Blades:
• Change of Velocity.
• No change of Pressure.
STEAM TURBINE: Impulse Vs Reaction
• Reaction Turbine :
• There are three main forces that act to move a reaction turbine-
1. The reactive force that is created on the moving blades as it expands and
increases in velocity as it moves through the nozzle shaped spaces between
the blades. 
2. Second, from the reactive force produced on the Airfoil shaped moving
blades as the steam passes through and changes directions. 
3. The impact force of the steam on the blades 
STEAM TURBINE: Impulse Vs Reaction
• Generally, reaction turbines require 75% to 80% more staging for the
same work output but is more efficient for same steam condition.
• The single stage reaction turbine does not exist.
NOZZLE SHAPE AIRFOIL
NOZZLE: STEAM TURBINE
Pioneers of Steam Turbine Technology:
1. Carl Gustav De Laval
• De laval nozzle
• Single stage impulse turbine
2. Sir Charles Parson
• Inventor of modern Steam turbine (reaction turbine)-1884
• first model was connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5 kilowatts
3. Auguste Rateau.
• pressure compounded impulse turbine
4. Charles Curtis
• velocity-compounded impulse stage
**IMPULSE TURBINE
MEANS 100%
IMPULSE TURBINE.
**REACTION
TURBINE DOES NOT
MEAN 100%
REACTION.
STEAM TURBINE: Degree of Reaction
• In turbomachinery, Degree of reaction or reaction ratio (R) is defined
as the
“ratio of static enthalpy drop in the rotor to the static enthalpy drop in the
stage.”

D.O.R=

In Impulse turbine, = Constant

In reaction turbine, ≠ Constant
STEAM TURBINE: Degree of Reaction
• D.O.R=
• When
=0, DOR=0 [100% or Pure impulse>>De Laval Turbine]
=0, DOR=1 [100% or Pure Reaction>>Hero’s Turbine]
= , DOR=0.5 [50% Reaction Turbine>>Parson’s Turbine]
STEAM TURBINE: Single Stage Vs
Multi-Stage/Compounding
• If the steam is expanded from the boiler pressure to the condenser
pressure in a single stage, then:
• Its velocity will be too high for practical uses because of very high vibration.
• centrifugal forces will be immense, which can damage the structure.

***Single stage reaction steam turbine does not exist.

[Japan International Cooperation Agency]
STEAM TURBINE: Compounding
• In an Impulse steam :
1. Velocity compounding
2. Pressure compounding
3. Pressure-Velocity Compounding
• In a reaction turbine :
1. Only pressure compounding.
IMPULSE
TURBINE:
Velocity
Compounding
• First proposed by C G Curtis
• To solve the problem for use of high
pressure and temperature steam.
• This setup of a nozzle followed by a set of
moving blades, non-moving blades/Guide
vanes, and moving blades makes up a Curtis
stage.
• The Curtis stage is designed to be a power
rotor, extracting a large amount of energy out
of the steam..
• The inherent high steam velocities, however,
tend to result in high losses and poor stage
efficiencies.
• More power to be extracted than from a single
impulse stage for a given blade-tip velocity.
• The Curtis stage is usually the first stage of
the HP turbine
IMPULSE TURBINE:
Pressure
Compounding

• Also called as Rateau turbine,

after its inventor.
• This is used to solve the
problem of high blade
velocity in the single-stage
impulse turbine.
IMPULSE
TURBINE:
Pressure-Velocity
Compounding

• It is a combination of the above

two types of compounding. 
• Each stage acts as a velocity
compounded impulse turbine.
REACTION TURBINE:
Pressure Compounding
• The fixed blades act as nozzles.
• The moving blades also have a converging steam nozzle.

 
STEAM
TURBINE:
STPS
• My observations about our
HP Turbine are:
• First stage is pure
impulse hence the wheel
is larger in size(?).
• 2-8 stages are Rateau i.e.
pressure compounded.
STEAM
TURBINE: STPS
• 9-12 has some sort of Degree Of
Reaction (From the shape of the
blades).
STEAM TURBINE: Wheel Chamber
• Wheel chamber is a chamber provided on HP side of after impulse wheel.
• Wheel chamber pressure is continuously monitored for evaluating the
performance or efficiency of steam turbine.
• If wheel chamber pressure increases, it means that the pressure drop
across the nozzle is low i.e. nozzles of turbine are eroded or damaged or
with heavy deposits.
• As a thumb rule,
Wheel chamber pressure = (Turbine inlet pressure X Turbine operating
load X 0.6)/Turbine rated capacity.
STEAM
TURBINE:
Catenary

• Due to rotor’s mass.

• Maintained during
alignment.
• Adjustment made in
bearing pads.
• Slope to be taken in
uncoupled condition.
32mm

3mm

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
STEAM TURBINE: Differential Expansion
• It is the relative expansion between rotor and casing (i.e diaphragm also)
• Rotor Shortening:
• Casing expands more than rotor.
• Taken as -Ve
• During Hot Start.
• Rotor Elongation:
• Rotor expands more than casing
• Taken as +Ve
• During heating i.e. cold start.

***This measured at the farthest point from anchor point to get maximum value.
***For rotor the anchor point is thrust collar and for casing it is on the middle of LPC.
 STEAM TURBINE: Differential Expansion

HPC Rotor: (+) 4.0 mm or (-) 1.2 mm IPC Rotor: (+) 3.0 mm or (-) 2.5 mm LPC Rotor: (+) 4.5 mm or (-) 2.5 mm
Minimum Flow path: (+)5.00 or (-)1.00 Minimum Flow path : (+)5.4 or (-)2.2 Minimum Flow path: (+)10.2.00 or (-)6.00
*Acc. to protocol *Acc. to protocol *Acc. to protocol
STEAM
TURBINE: Axial
Shift
• It is the axial movement of rotor due to
axial thrust force acting on rotor wheels.

• Thrust Bearing along with some other

mechanism is provided to tackle this
force.
• In impulse turbine, thrust occurs only
due to momentum change of steam in
axial direction since there is no pressure
drop across moving blade.
• In reaction turbine, large pressure drop
occurs. This pressure drop along with
momentum change combinedly
produce larger thrust force than impulse
turbine.
STEAM
TURBINE:
Axial Shift
• The axial movement of rotor is controlled
by limiting the tripping value of axial
shift.
• However, the tripping value is set taking
babbitt thickness into the equation.
• Consequently, if turbine trips due
to axial shift it is implied that
babbitt of either pad is damaged.
• Tripping is provided since axial shift can
cause serious damage by colliding fixed
and rotating parts of turbine when it
crosses the allowable range.
Steam Turbine: Thrust Float and Bump
Check
• Thrust float is the axial movement of thrust collar hence the rotor
within the active and non-active pads of thrust bearing.
• After overhauling, our thrust float is now 0.65mm
• Bump check is a test to confirm that rotor and fixed parts does not
bump or make collision while turbine moves axially within the thrust
float value.
Swing Check
• Swing check is a measurement which
shows the mating accuracy of the
coupling faces of the two rotors coupled
together.
• It is the measurement of the radial
throw at the free end due to coupling
face geometric form of the two rotors
coupled together.
• It is carried out by removing the Real
bearing and putting a false
bearing/Lifting tackle on which the rotor
is supported. This false bearing has
larger side oil clearances.
• Corrected by following method –
• By interchanging the coupling
position –
• Improving facial run out
• Honing and reaming &
• fixing with new coupling bolts.
False Bearing set-up used in Swing Check
• The turbine is condensing, tandem compound, three cylinder,
horizontal, disc and diaphragm type with nozzle governing and
regenerative feed heating. The double flow LP turbine incorporate a
multi-exhaust in each flow.