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Lecture8!9!20397 Ecosystem
Lecture8!9!20397 Ecosystem
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-
organisms in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical
factors of the environment.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of how living and non-living factors affect each
other in an environment. An ecosystem is the basic and functional unit of
ecology.
Classification of Ecosystems
• Producers
• Consumers ( primary, secondary and tertiary)
• Decomposers
(Maintains biological cycle)
• Organic
• Inorganic
• Physical
Biotic Components of Ecosystems
• Producers (or Autotrophs)
Green plants and some bacteria , fungi which manufacture their own food
• Decomposers
Organic Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Inorganic Water
Ammonia
Gases
Climatic Rainfall
Humidity
Temperature
Limiting factor
Factors which restrict the further growth of
population
Availability of food
Water
Shelter
Space
Related links
• What is an ecosystem?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPHqUxxyLsY
4. Non-living Component is
a. Organic
b. Inorganic
c. Physical
d. All of the above
Q s
MC
• Energy flow
• Cycling of matter
(chemicals)
Food Chain Food Web
The transfer of food energy from the The interlocking pattern formed by
source (plants) through a series of several food chains that are linked
organisms by repeated eating and being together is called a food web.
eaten up is referred as food chain.
Food Chain
The transfer of food energy from the source (plants) through a series of
organisms by repeated eating and being eaten up is referred as food chain.
Only 10% of food energy is transferred from one trophic level to another
•Pyramid of number
•Pyramid of biomass
•Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of Number
The pyramid of energy flow is always upright because there is always loss of
energy while moving from lower trophic level to higher trophic level.
Therefore, the energy reaching the next trophic level is always less compared
to that in the previous trophic level.
s
CQ
M
1) what is a chemical factor in abiotic components?
a)humidity b) temperature c) sunlight d) salinity
4) Herbivores are-----
a) producer b) consumer c) can be both d) none
5) Herbivore is--------
a) producer b) primary consumer c) secondary consumer d)
decomposer
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the gradual process by
which ecosystems change and develop over time.
It is therefore a series of predictable temporary
communities or stages leading up to a climax community.
Each stage/temporary community is called a
successional stage or seral stage.
Each step prepares the land for the next
successional stage.
All habitats are in the state of constant ecological
succession.
Ecological Succession
Types of Succession
Primary succession
Secondary succession
• http://www.mrphome.net/mrp/succession.swf
• http://www.mrphome.net/mrp/Ecology_Resources.html
Terrestrial ecosystem
• Three type
• Forest, Grass and desert
Forest ecosystem
Biotic Components
Producers
Different kinds of trees depending upon the climate
Consumers
Different kinds of primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, e.g., deer,
elephant, moles, snakes, lizards, lion, and tiger
Decomposers
These are various kinds of bacteria and fungi
Forest ecosystem
• Tropical rain forests –hot throughout the year (small
mammals, reptiles birds, monkeys, predators like tigers,
jaguars etc. plant biodiversity Tall tree, dense canopy.)
Rainfall more than this amount will convert grassland into forest
Biotic Components
Producers
Mainly grasses with a few scattered trees
Consumers
Deer, rabbit, giraffe, etc., are herbivores,
wolf, leopard, etc., are carnivores
Decomposers
Mainly bacteria and fungi
Temperate Grassland: Marked by seasonal drought and fires, and grazing by
large animals. Rich habitat for agriculture, very little prairie exists in US today.
Desert Ecosystem
Abiotic Components
Low rainfall, high temperature, and
sandy soil
Biotic Components
Producers
Predominantly thorny shrubs, cactus, opuntia, etc.
Consumers
Different insects, lizards, reptiles, nocturnal rodents, birds, etc.
Decomposers
Various bacteria and fungi
Desert: Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and animals adapted for water
storage and conservation. Can be either very, very hot, or very cold (e.g.
Sahara, Thar, Antarctica)
Pond Ecosystem
Abiotic Components
It includes organic and inorganic substances,
atmospheric gases dissolved in water, minerals
found in dissolved state, etc.
Biotic Components
Producers
Submerged floating and emergent aquatic plants
For example, nelumbo, hydrilla, chara, etc.
Consumers
May be primary, secondary, or tertiary, e.g., small fishes, beetles,
mollusca, crustaceans, etc.
Decomposers
Chiefly bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, etc.
Related links
Food chains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZOvqYypOuo
ecological succession
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V49IovRSJDs
Desert Ecosystem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbi4wW7ojXs
Forest Ecosystem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8eCbwg-lik
Grassland Ecosystem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gB4UDHCvXMU
Aquatic Ecosystems
http://study.com/academy/lesson/aquatic-ecosystems-abiotic-factors.html
C Qs
M
1. The nature’s cleaners are
a) producers b) consumers c) decomposers d) producers & decomposers both
3. Which of the following is a difference between a food chain and a food web?
a. Food chains involve only plants, while food webs involve animals.
b. Food chains involve only plants, while food webs involve both plants and animals.
c. Food chains are linear and food webs are complex.
d. Food chains include decomposers, but food webs do not.