IONS AND

MOLECULES
Prepared by: Ms. Sophia Marie M. Espinosa

Presented by: Olivia Wilson

 CHALLENGE
YOURSELF!
https://www.learner.org/wp-content/
interactive/periodic/bonding/

Presented by: Olivia Wilson

 • Cations - when metals lose
electrons they become

IONS
positively charged.
• Anions - when nonmetals gain
When a neutral atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it electrons they become
becomes an electrically charged particle called ion. negatively charged.
 • Monatomic Ion- ion that consists
of only one atom

IONS
How do ions form?
• Polyatomic Ion - combination of
different atoms
NOMENCLATURE FOR
METALS (IONS)
 Elements in:
GROUP 1A (Alkali metals) - can give off one electron only, it
produces ions with positive one (+1) charge.

GROUP 2A (Alkaline metals) - can lose two electrons, it produces

ions with positive (+2) charge.

Ions in these groups are simply named

after the name of the metal.
 TRANSITION METALS (Groups 1B to 8B)
There is a symmetric method of naming their ions.
• Classical Method - ions with lower charge ends with -ous, ions with
higher charge ends with -ic.
• Stock Method - a roman numeral indicating the charge is written in
parentheses after the English name of the metal.
METALS WITH MORE THAN ONE ION
NOMENCLATURE FOR
NONMETALS (IONS)
 Nonmetal: Monatomic Anions
- named by attaching the suffix -ide to the first few letters (root) of the
nonmetal name.

ROOTS FOR COMMON NONMETALS

ELEMENT ROOT
Bromine Brom-
Carbon Carb-
Chlorine Chlor-
Flourine Flour-
Hydrogen Hydro-
Iodine Iod-
Nitrogen Nitr-
Oxygen Ox-
Phosphorus Phosp
Sulfur Sulf-
 Nonmetal: Polyatomic Anions
- nonmetals form polyatomic ions with oxygen.

− 2−
𝑁𝑂 2 Nitrite 𝑆𝑂 3 Sulfite
− 2−
𝑁𝑂 3 Nitrate 𝑆𝑂 4 Sulfate

• -ite - anion with lesser oxygen atoms

• -ate - anion with more oxygen atoms
COMMON POLYATOMIC IONS
 Polyatomic Anions: Halogens
- halogens can form four different polyatomic ions with
oxygen.

• 1 O atom: hypochlorite
• 2 O atoms: : chlorite
• 3 O atoms: : chlorate
• 4 O atoms: : perchlorate

• hypo - at the lowest oxidation state

• per - at the highest oxidation state
 Nonmetallic elements exists in nature as
diatomic molecules, consisting of two
atoms of the same element.

MOLECULES
When atoms of nonmetals share electrons, they form an
electrically neutral aggregate called molecule.
 MOLECULES CAN ALSO BE
COMPOSED OF ATOMS OF DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS WHETHER DIATOMIC OR
POLYATOMIC.
Diatomic Polyatomic
HCl
HBr
WHEN ATOMS
COMBINED
• IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS
• TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORM
Prepared by: Ms. Sophia Marie M. Espinosa

Presented by: Olivia Wilson

 This results from an attraction between a cation
and an anion.

IONIC
COMPOUNDS
The formula of ionic compounds is written by combining the
symbols of the cation and the anion.
"CRISS CROSS RULE"
 CRISS CROSS RULE

 NaCl 

 Pb

The cation is named first, followed by the anion.

CRISS CROSS RULE
  CuO

The cation is named first, followed by the anion.

 ACIDS
(IONIC COMPOUND)
 Acids are compounds that can give off ions when dissolved in water
(aqueous). They are easily recognized because their chemical formula
begins with H.

+ 𝐻2 𝑂
hydrogen chloride h𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐h𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

+ 𝐻2 𝑂
hydrogen sulfide 𝐻 2 𝑆(𝑎𝑞) h𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

The anion name is prefixed with -hydro, suffixed with -ic, and added with
the term acid.
 TERNARY ACIDS
(IONIC COMPOUND)
A ternary acid forms from a polyatomic ion. The acid name is based on the
polyatomic ion; the suffix -ite is replaced with -ous, and the -ate with -ic.

+ 𝐻2 𝑂
nitrite 𝐻 𝑁𝑂2 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

+ 𝐻2 𝑂
nitrate 𝐻 𝑁𝑂3 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
A ternary acid forms from a polyatomic ion. The acid name is based on the
polyatomic ion; the suffix -ite is replaced with -ous, and the -ate with -ic.

+ 𝐻2 𝑂
ite 𝐻 2 𝑆𝑂 3 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

+ 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻 2 𝑆𝑂 4
ate 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
 This results when nonmetals share
electrons.

COVALENT Naming binary covalent compounds utilizes

COMPOUNDS Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms

of the element present in the chemical formula.
GREEK PREFIXES
 • First element: prefixed and named in full
• Second element: named using its first few syllables
and suffixed with -ide

𝐶𝑂 2 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑁 2 𝑂 4 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒

Some binary covalent bonds are not named systematically, but rather take
trivial names.
 • First element: prefixed and named in full
• Second element: named using its first few syllables
and suffixed with -ide

𝑆 2 𝑂 5 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑂 3 𝐶 4 t𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛tetracarbide

Some binary covalent bonds are not named systematically, but rather take
trivial names.
 CHEMICAL
FORMULAS
Covalent compounds may be represented using various chemical
formulas. These are;
⚬ Molecular Formula
⚬ Empirical Formula and
⚬ Structural Formula
 MOLECULAR
FORMULAS
contains the symbol and the corresponding number of atoms of all
the elements in a compound.
 EMPIRICAL
FORMULAS
shows only the reduced form of a molecular formula; the subscripts in
the original molecular formula are written in their simplest whole
number ratio.
 STRUCTURAL
FORMULAS
shows the bond pattern and connectivity of atoms in compounds.

Condensed Structural Formula - simplifies the

structural formula