USE KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT

STRUCTURE TO GLEAN THE

INFORMATION HE/SHE
NEEDS
What is STRUCTURE?

 It is how you organize and emphasize all

the important points that you want to say
in your composition.

 It is what allows for the logical flow of

ideas in a cohesive text.
INTRODUCTIONS -or the opening paragraph(s) aims to make a good
impression on readers. Common ways to start an essay include telling story
(anecdote or parable), quoting a reputable person, using sayings, citing
statistics, citing a law or the Bible, or asking rhetorical questions.

BODY -is composed of several paragraphs that cohesively

discuss the thesis. As a general rule, one paragraph should deal
with only one topic.

CONCLUSION –lastly, you need to bring the writeup to an emphatic

conclusion and leave the impression that the topic has been relevantly
and thoroughly dealt with. Common words and phrases include,
“Finally,..,” “As I have argued,…,” “As I have shown,…,” “Therefore,
…,” “ The bulk of the evidence, then, points to…,” “However, as I
have shown,…,” and “Based on this evidence,…”
Academic texts

 Are formal written materials that provides

information and/or professional opinion related
to specific discipline or profession.
 Example Paragraph 1:

“Relationships and exchange flows between transnational family

members are heavily reliant on digital technology,
telecommunications and air travel. Migrants capacity to
instantaneously communicate with distant family member by text
messaging, mobile phone conversation, skyping and assorted forms
of social media have been axiomatic to the initiation, maintenance
and expansion of transnational family exchange.” (Bryceson. 2019)

Example Paragraph 2:

“My mother came from a small sugarcane plantation city in

Victorias, Negros Occidental, in an obscure road town called Daan
Banwa. She now leaves in a concrete-paved upscale Canadian suburb
with manicured lawns and an SUV in every driveway.” (Benzidane,
2008)
Academic texts are written for professional audience or persons
specializing specific field. You can sense the formality in their tone
because they express through on a serious subject matter using
complex sentences, technical and academic language.

Non-academic texts are written with friends, family, and general

readers as target audience. You can sense the informality in the
tone because the content is conversational and is expressed using
simple and compound sentences joined by conjunctions like ‘and’
and ‘but’.
SIX GENEREL CLASSFICATIONS OF
ACADEMIC TEXTS:

1. Essay
2. Concept Paper
3. Reaction Paper
4. Position Paper
5. Report
6. Research
1. Essay is generally the proforma for all analytical compositions.
However, not all essays are academic. Only those that are written
for professional audience and exhibit formal tone in subject matter,
sentence structure, and language can be considered academic.

Structure Essay
• Present the problem or case in an
interesting way.
Introduction • Mention the thesis.
• May give an overview about what
you will do in body and conclusion.

• Use several paragraphs to prove your

case or examine the points; each covers a
Body topic at a time.
• As a suggestion, keep the Key Sentence
at the beginning of the paragraph.

• Round off the essay appropriately with an

Conclusion emphatic conclusion.
• May call for action
2. Concept Paper defines an idea or a concept and clarifies its
‘whatness’; thus, its most prominent structure is the use of
definition.

Concept
Structure Paper
• Present the concept.
Introduction
• Define the concept.

• Expand the definition by using

analogy, comparison, examples,
semantic origin, etymology, and
Body
functions.
• Analytic description of the aspects of
the concept

• Round off the concept paper

Conclusion approximately with an
emphatic conclusion.
3. Reaction/Response Paper is generally an informed and insightful
perspective on art, popular culture, and a technical topic.

Structure Reaction Paper

• Identify the work or art and its creator,

Introduction or the practice or others.
• Provide condensed and factual details.

• Same as the essay.

• Evaluate the merit of the work.
• Indicate whether or not you
Body
would recommend the wok to
others, and why.
• Prove your stance.

Conclusion • Same as essay.

4. Position Paper –asserts an argument.

Structure Concept Paper

• Same as the essay.

Introduction • Specify your position.

• Same as essay.
• Enumerate your argument.
Body • Provide evidence and explanations.
• You can be persuasive and humorous.
• Recognize and refute oppositions.

• End with a strong insight or recommendation.

Conclusion • Call for action.
• Use emotional appeal.
5. Report –retells data, incident, or event.

Structure Report
• Contextualize the report situation.
Introduction • Give facts.

• Provide hard facts and concrete data.

Body • Describe the subjects involved.

• May end with the last event.

Conclusion • May mention your objective
conclusion.
6. Research Paper –are a highly kind of reports.

Research
Structure Paper
• Describe the background of the problem.
• State the problem.
Introduction • Define technical terms.
• Delimit the problem.

• Evaluate existing literature.

• Explain the theoretical framework.
Body • Detail the methodology.
• Analyze the data.

• Conclude based on the findings.

Conclusion • Recommend solutions based on
findings.
PRE-TEST
What’s missing? Below are some essential words that you need to understand to fully appreciate the
lesson. Spell the word by filling in the spaces with the missing letters. The given definitions may serve
as your clue.

1. _ T R U _T U _ E 1. How the important points, moments or events are

organized and emphasized in a text.
2. _E_T 2. Any meaningful written material.
3. A_ADE_I_T__T 3. Formal written materials that provides information
and/or profession.
4. _L_M__TS 4. The abstract parts that comes a whole.
5. T_E_I_ 5. The most important message that the entire
written article tries to prove.
6. I_T__DU_T_O_ 6. Technically either the first paragraph or the first
7. _ _ N C _ U S_ O _ heading of long academic papers that are divided
into several parts.
8. B___ 7. Technically either the last paragraph or the last
heading of long academic papers that are divided
into several parts.
8. The paragraphs that are in between the
introduction and conclusion.