Digital Electronics

EE-201
Lecture # 09-I
Signal
What is a signal….?
 any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message
 in electronics, a signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field
used to convey data from one place to another
Analog
some thing that is continues……… a set of specific points of data with all
other points in between

Digital
some thing that is discrete……… a set of specific points of data with no
other points in between
Features of a signal
Amplitude: the value of the signal at any point on the wave. It is equal to the
vertical distance from a given point
Signal
Features of a signal
Cycle: the completion of one full pattern

Period: the amount of time in seconds, a signal needs to complete one cycle
denote by T
Signal
Features of a signal
Frequency: the No. of periods in one second

Phase: the position of waveform relative to time zero

Signal
Types of a signal
Periodic: completesa pattern within a measurable time frame, and repeats that
pattern over identical subsequent periods

Aperiodic: changes constantly without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that

repeats over time
Pulse Fundamentals
 a +ve voltage pulse is a change in voltage from low to high and high to low
 amplitude changes from one level to another in zero time

an ideal pulse

 real pulse can not change the level instantaneously

 tr is the total time for leading edge to change from 10% of amplitude to 90%
 tf is the total time for trailing edge to fall from 90% to 10% of its amplitude

real pulse
Square wave and Rectangular waveform

Square Wave
 a periodic waveform
 a series of recurring pulse
 just have two values, 0 V and +VS. There are no intermediate values
 having instantaneous transitions between two levels
Square wave and Rectangular waveform

Square Waveform
 it repeats the same pattern of values at regular intervals
 the period T is the time b/w repetitions, that is the time required to
complete one cycle
 used to synchronize logic operations
 used in waveshaping applications to produce other periodic waveforms
 the period T of a square wave is also called the Pulse Repetition Time
(PRT)
 while the frequency is referred as Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) with
unit pulse per second (PPS)
Square wave and Rectangular waveform

Rectangular Waveform
 characterized by flat maximum and minimum levels
 fast-rising and fast-falling edges
 having squared-off corners
 because of the squared corners, also called a square waveform
 the ratio of the total time is high during one cycle(period) to period
OR

 theratio of time high to the total period is called DUTY CYCLE, expressed as
percent
 Square wave and Rectangular waveform

Rectangular Waveform

Periodic rectangular waveform

Aperiodic rectangular waveform

Design of Waveshaping Circuit
 alteration of a waveform to produce a new waveform having specific
characteristics is called waveshaping
 it can be described as a function that takes the original signal x as input, and
produces a new output signal y. This function is known as Transfer function
as
y = f(x)
Alteration have two view points
The Time Domain
The Frequency Domain

Time Domain

 in general, the change in signal amplitude with respect to time

 phase and frequency are not explicitly measured
The Frequency Domain

 the max: amplitude change with respect to frequency

Design of Waveshaping Circuit
Time Domain

 a waveform is a voltage or current whose values change in a prescribed way

with the passage of time
 new waveform generates by applying the original waveform to various kinds
of electronic ckts
 as original waveform changes with time, it creates new time-varying voltages

Example

 o/p of square wave generator is connected with RC ckt

 capacitor charges & discharge during each cycle and thus produces an altered
waveform
 the prediction of new waveform can be occurs due to the voltage across a
capacitor changes with time
Design of Waveshaping Circuit
The Frequency Domain

 as every periodic waveform is a sum of sine waves

 the frequency, phase angle & amplitudes of those sine waves determine the
shape of the waveform
 the wave shaping is an altering the frequency content of a waveform

Example

 filtering, where sinewaves having certain frequencies are suppressed

 thus changing the frequency contents & therefore the shape of a waveform
 the new frequency can be added to a given waveform to alter its shape

in digital electronic the wave shaping is studied in time domain

The End