PULP AND PAPER

INDUSTRY
P R E S E N T E D B Y:
GROUP 4
C E L E S T R A , N AT H A L I E
D E M I T I O N , PAT R I C K
GARCIA, TRIXIA
PRADO, RONBER
PULP
RAW MATERIALS
IN THE
PROCESSING OF
PULP
WOOD
• Principal source of cellulose,
which is used in papermaking
OTHER CELLULOSE SOURCES CAN BE
EITHER

SHORT FIBER MATERIALS INCLUDES:

STRAW, BAGASSE, MAIZE STALKS,
BAMBOO

LONG FIBER MATERIALS INCLUDES:

COTTON, RAGS, FLAX, HEMP, JUTE
CAUSTIC SODA (NaOH)
• Cooking Chemical; also used in
the bleaching process for the
caustic extraction
SODIUM SULFATE
• Used as filler
Lime (CaO)
• used as causticizing agent for
chemical recovery
CHLORINE
• used in the 1st stage of bleaching
process
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
• used in the final bleaching
DIFFERENT
KINDS OF WOOD
PULP
Mechanical Pulp/ Ground wood
• This process involves no chemical treatment of pulp.
• Chief woods employed are spruce and balsam, which are soft,
coniferous species

•
• Have the advantage that they can be floated in streams to the mill, in
contrast to poplar which sinks soon after immersion, also has a high
pulp yield
• Results in little removal of lignin content thus, producing papers
that is not of as a high quality as other pulping methods
• Mechanical pulps are primarily used in newsprint, as well as papers
used in telephone directories, catalogues, "pulp" magazines, and
paper towels and tissues.
• Mechanical pulps are bleached, but not to any great degree.
Although some lignin is removed from ground wood pulps
by bleaching (and some lignin is softened and lost by the heat
generated by the grinding process), extensive bleaching can result in
a decrease of pulp yield, defeating the primary advantage of the
process.
• About 23% of the pulp used in the world is mechanical pulp. In
most usages, however, ground wood pulp is combined with pulps
produced chemically, to counteract the disadvantages of paper made
with mechanical pulps.
Kraft Pulp or Sulfate Pulp
• The most prevalent method of chemical pulping used in
papermaking (or a term for the pulp itself).
• The kraft process derived from the soda process, developed in the
mid-nineteenth century that dissolved wood chips using a strong
base (alkaline solution) such as lye.
• In 1879, sodium sulfate was added to the process, and a stronger
pulp was produced. As a result, the process became known as the
sulfate process.
• The addition of bleaching systems to increase the brightness and
decrease the lignin content of the pulp also helped make the kraft
process the most popular pulping process.
• The term "kraft" is also used to refer to paper or paperboard made
using unbleached pulp produced by the kraft process.
• Unbleached kraft pulp is generally dark brown in color and strong.
Papers produced from unbleached kraft pulp include brown
wrapping paper, paper bags, envelopes, etc.
• Almost any kind of wood may be used, hard or soft, although
coniferous wood is mostly employed.
• Process was developed especially to remove the large amounts of oil
and resin in the wood.
• The Chemical Reactions are rather indefinite but involves
hydrolysis of the lignin to alcohols and acids.
• This hydrolysis also produces mercaptans and sulfides,which are
responsible for the familiar bad odor of the sulfate pulp mills.
Soda Pulp
• Paper pulp produced using the soda process.
• Used to prepare white paper
• Alkaline process
• The wood used is of the deciduous or broadleaf variety.
Sulfite Pulp
• Paper pulp produced using the sulfite process.
• On the basis of quantity produced, this process ranks second to the
sulfate process.
THREE WAYS OF
FIBERIZING OR
PULPING
Mechanical Pulping
• Method of converting logs or wood chips into paper pulp for use in
papermaking accomplished by mechanical grinding, as opposed to
chemical pulping.
• Traditional mechanical pulping involves forcing logs against a
revolving stone, which grinds the logs into pulp by abrasive action.
• The stone is sprayed with water to remove fibers from the pulp
stone, and to prevent fiber damage due to friction-generated heat.
• It causes rapture of the fiber walls and gives pulps which contain
substances of little value for many purposes
Four main types of Mechanical
Pulping
• Stone groundwood (SGW) pulping: In the SGW process, small logs
are ground against artificial bonded stones made of silicon carbide
or aluminum oxide grits.
• The process gives a high yield, but the fibers produced can be very
short and often must be combined with expensive chemical fibers to
be strong enough to pass through the paper machine and subsequent
coating and printing processes.
• Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP): In RMP wood feedstock is
ground between two grooved discs.
• The process keeps the high yield advantages of the SGW process,
while producing somewhat longer fibers with greater strength.
• This permits lighter weight paper to be used for printing and result
in more print media per ton of feedstock.
• The RMP process can use wood feedstock other than logs, such as
wood scraps and sawdust from lumber mills.
• Thermomechanical pulping (TMP): In TMP wood chips are first
steamed to soften them before being ground in the same manner as
the RMP process.
• The TMP process generates the highest grade mechanical pulp but is
also a high energy intensity process due to its steam use.
• This process can also produce a darker pulp that is more costly to
bleach.
• Despite these drawbacks, TMP is the most common mechanical
process in use today.
• Chemi-thermomechanical pulping (CTMP): CTMP involves the
application of chemicals to wood chips prior to refiner pulping.
• The chemical pre-treatment of wood chips allows for less
destructive separation of fibers from the feedstock, resulting in
longer fibers, higher fiber content, and far fewer shives.
• The CTMP process also produces more flexible fibers (which
provide higher sheet density, burst strength, and tensile strength)
and higher pulp brightness than the TMP process.
• Its primary drawback, like TMP, is that it is a high energy intensity
process
Chemical Pulping
• In chemical pulping lignin is separated from the rest of the wood in
a digester under pressure and with the use of cooking chemicals.
• Methods produce high-quality papers as the chemical cooking
dissolves most of the lignin and hemicelluloses present in the wood,
resulting in better separation of the cellulose fibers.
• There are two primary methods of Chemical Pulping: Sulfite
Process and Kraft Process
Sulfite Process
• The sulfite process cooks wood chips in sulfurous acid combined
with limestone to produce calcium bisulfite.
• The combination of sulfurous acid and calcium bisulfite dissolves
the lignin in the wood and liberates the cellulose fibers.
• Sulfite pulp is soft and flexible, is moderately strong, and is used to
supplement mechanical pulps (most typically in newsprint).
• Problems with the process (including limitations on the types of
trees for which it is suitable, strict pollution laws, and the inability
to recover some of the chemicals ejected by the system) have
resulted in new chemicals being used in the process, and the
wholesale adoption of new processes.
Kraft Process/Sulfate Process
• The sulfate process is now the most widely used chemical pulping
system.
• It evolved from the soda processes developed in the nineteenth
century, which used strong bases (alkaline solutions) such as lye to
digest wood.
• Pulpers began adding sodium sulfate to the soda process, and a
significantly stronger pulp was produced.
• Incorrectly termed the "sulfate" process (it was much later that
chemists discovered that the active ingredient was actually sodium
sulfide, it is perhaps more accurately known as the kraft process
("kraft" is the German and Swedish word for "strength").
• The advantages of kraft pulping include not only increased pulp
strength, but also a better heat- and chemical-recovery system which
reduces processing costs, its effectiveness in digesting nearly every
known species of tree, and the insertion in the process of bleaching
processes which increase pulp brightness.
Semi-Chemical Pulping
• Method of converting wood chips to paper pulp for papermaking
utilizing a combination of chemical and mechanical means.
• In semi-chemical pulping, wood chips are first subjected to mild
cooking in, most commonly, sodium sulfite combined with a small
quantity of alkaline salts, such as sodium carbonate, sodium
bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide.
• The cooked chips are then sandwiched in a disk refiner—or two
rotating serrated disks—that separate the individual fibers of
cellulose. The pulp is then washed to remove the chemicals.
• Pulp yields in semi-chemical processes are generally from 60-80%
of the original wood, and much of the residual lignin still remains.
• Semi-chemical pulping results in stiff fibers, and the process is used
to make corrugated paperboard, cardboard roll cores, and
containers.
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS OF
ABACA PULP
FIBER PREPARATION AND
COOKING
• Machine stripped abaca fibers are fed
into the digesters. Lignin, carbohydrates
and sugar content of the fiber are
extracted and cellulose are separated into
individual fibers.
DEFIBERIZING AND WASHING
• Cooked pulp is diluted and pumped
to a drum thickener where removal of
spent liquor takes place. Screening,
defiberizing and refining follows. A
screw-type water extractor does
washing.
BLEACHING, WASHING, AND
SCREENING
• Bleaching is done by a batch system (single-
stage) utilizing one up-flow and another down-
flow agitators. The bleached pulp is then
passed thru a rotary drum washer to remove
excess bleaching chemicals; then, thru rotary
vibrating screens to remove impurities; and
thru centrifugal cleaners to remove heavy
particles like sand, pebbies, etc.
PULP DRYING AND FINISHING
• The diluted stock is pumped to a mold former
where stock is formed into pulp sheets. The pulp
sheets are then pressed through a two-stage press
section to dewater the sheet before entering
dryers. Drying, slitting and cutting follows. The
finished product (abaca pulp) is stocked and
transferred to a weighing scale to baling and
wrapping.
PREPARATION OF
COOKING
CHEMICAL AND
TREATMENT
 Evaporation of waste liquor

Combustion of waste liquor

Recovery of inorganic chemicals

Preparation of cooking liquors

INDUSTRY
UPDATES
• Intensification of environmental management program through coordination with the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources and other agencies.
• Encouragement and improvement of wastepaper collection and recovery operation to minimize
dependence on imported raw materials.
• Continuation of modernization and expansion of mills to increase efficiency/capacities and
develop better quality paper grades.
• Promotion of merger among existing mills and join-venture agreements with big foreign firms
(for technology transfer and financial assistance) for better competitiveness and large-scale
economies.
• Establishment of power generating plants to provide and sustain the power requirements of
firms.
• Development of industrial tree plantation projects to curb dependence on imported wood pulp.
PAPER
INDUSTRY
PAPER
• Paper is a sheet of interlaced fibers usually cellulose fibers
from plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other
fibrous materials that is formed by pulping the fibers and
causing them to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.
HISTORY OF PAPER
• Video
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF PAPER
NEWSPRINT
• Subject to rapid discoloration on expose to
light of any sort.
• Manufacture cuts the fibers, making the
paper weak.
• Publication use newsprint because it
provides surface that is printable and
offers reasonable color.
COLORED NEWSPRINT
• Ex: yellow pages and telephone
directories
• Offers the advantage of hiding
impurities of the standard grayish
sheet.
• More expensive than newsprint.
NEWSPAPER WEBS
• Newspapers added features, such as
the ability to print section separately.
• Designed for “soft folds” standard
and tabloid sizes.
• Soft folds-refer to particular finish in
which the folding edge is folded.
OFFSET PAPERS
• Chemical free sheets
• Means half of the wood pulp is lost in
the making.
• Used in a printing method in which the
impression is made onto an intermediate
surface,
• Used for letterheads, flyers, publication
interior sheets and brochures
OPAQUE PAPER
• If more opacity is desired and
whiteness is to be increased at the
same time, excellent additive is
titanium

• Used for higher quality printed

literature, such as annual reports.
BOND PAPER
• The term bond paper came into
being many years ago, because this
paper is used to print bonds and
stocks

• Nowadays bond paper is common

item in business offices.
 ONION SKIN
• Comes in 9b. weight and has a 25% rag
content for strength
• Used for making multiple copies on the
typewritter prior to photocopy area.

Usage of onion skin is declining, but

still available for printing airmail,
stationary.
TYPES OF PAPER
TREE FREE PAPER
• Form plants such as hemp, kenaf and
bamboo that yield fiber faster than tress.

• From agricultural waste such as sugar

cane, straw firm wheat and rice and by
products form coffee, banana, and
coconut plants.
RECYCLED PAPER
• Contains a percentage of fibers
made form either post-
consumer waste or pre
consumer waste.
ACID FREE PAPER
• pH rating of 7 or higher rating of
alkalinity.
• Has more longer life expectancy
• Used for books and other
publication that are intended to
last in good condition.
• If paper is not acid free, it can become
yellow and deteriorate over time.
PLASTIC PAPER
• Made completely from plastic or with plastic
• Used in making waterproof maps,workshop manuals,
and books for children.
BULKY MECHANICAL
• Machined finished paper made form groundwood pulp
or recycled fiber used for printing newspaper
• It discolors and becomes brittle when it is exposed to
light.
SYNTHETIC
• Petroleum products with
smooth, durable surfaces.
• Very strong
• Examples: maps, field guides,
game boards.
CARBONLESS
• Have chemical coatings that
duplicate writing or typing on an
undersheet.
NEWSPRINT
• From groundwood pulp and
usually runs from open web
presses.

• Use in production of newspapers.

RAW MATERIALS
IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF
PAPER
STOCK
• Also known as pulp
• Source of fiber for the production of
paper
• Purchase pulp are prepared as dried
sheets thus must be heavily diluted
with water
CHEMICALS
1. Alum
– Aluminum sulfate
– Added to paper stock to increase its acidity
approx. pH 5
– Additive for good refining, adequate sizing or
rosin dispersion.
– Also use water treatment in order to induce
flocculation.
– Flocculation- is a process wherein colloids come out
of suspension in the form of floc or flake
 CHEMICALS
2. Sizing materials
– Improve the resistance of paper to water
– Improves printing or writing properties by controlling ink penetration
– Chemicals use are alkyl succinic anhydride (ASA), alkyl ketene
dimer (AKD) 
CHEMICALS
• Rosin
– Also known as colophony
– Translucent, brittle resin used in varnish and many
other products.
– Produced as a residue when crude turpentine is
distilled to make the essential oil, sprit of turpentine.
• Starch
– Used to improve the quality of writing and printing.
CHEMICALS
3. China Clay
– Used to improve the opacity,
brightness, and finish of paper
– Addition of clay tends to weaken
paper.
– Talc - may be used as substitute
CHEMICALS
4.Titanium Dioxide
– Improves the brightness of paper
– Barium sulfate and Zinc Sulfide can be used as an alternative
5. Dyes
– Used to impact color to paper.
FOURDRINIER –
THE PAPER
MACHINE
FOURDRINIER MACHINE
• Consists of a moving endless belt of wire or plastic screen that
receives a mixture of pulp and water and allows excess water to
drain off, forming a continuous sheet for further drying by suction,
pressure, and heat
• With the help of this machine, the paper making process is sped up
dramatically as the drying and smoothing process is simplified.
DIAGRAM
SECTIONS
WET END
• Wood pulp is diluted to 99% water and 1% fiber to form a slurry that
is held in the headbox
• A continuous stream of slurry is pumped from the headbox through
an adjustable slit, called the “slice”, onto a moving gauze wire belt
that vibrates to drain off of the water and then allows the fibers to
interweave.
SECTIONS
PRESS SECTION
• Uses a system of press rollers that wrings out the majority of excess
water from the pulp and stretches it out into a rough paper
• The thickness and weight of the paper is determined by the gap
between the press rollers, which can be adjusted
SECTIONS
DRYER SECTION
• Paper is dried using a series of steam-heated rollers
• The resulting paper has a water content of 4-6%
SECTIONS
CALENDAR SECTION
• Comprised of a series of rollers of which the paper is fed through to
give it a uniform thickness
• The pressure applied to the paper determines the finish of the paper
CYLINDER
MACHINE
CYLINDER MACHINE
• Instead of moving wire screen, a screen covered rotary
cylinder is half submerged in the pulp vat.
• As the cylinder rotates, a sheet of matted pulp is formed
on its exterior surface and is then picked up by a moving
belt, where it is treated to remove the remaining water.
FOURDRINIER MACHINE VS
CYLINDER MACHINE
FOURDRINIER MACHINE CYLINDER MACHINE

Long flat felt conveyer part Has a forming part of cylinder cage or net cage
which is cylinder shaped

Also called long net paper machine Also called round net paper machine

For all kinds of paper Mostly used for producing paper, towel paper, and
sometimes printing paper

Much faster production speed

Cost for set-up is higher

PAPERMAKING
PROCESS
FORESTRY
• Trees used for papermaking are
specifically grown and harvested like
a crop for that purpose.
DE-BARKING & CHIPPING
• The trunks/logs are then sent through a
stripping machine, which quickly and
efficiently removes their bark.
– Bark which cannot be used for papermaking is
stripped from the log and used for energy.

• The de-barked wood is then thrown into a

chipping unit, which shreds them down into
small strips.
DIGESTING
• Step 1
– Wood chips are converted to individual fibers in the
digester. Under pressure, the white liquor dissolves,
or “digests” the lignin that holds the individual
cellulous fibers together, creating pulp
• Step 2
– Pulp from the digesters, along with the spent
cooking chemicals, now called “black liquor,” are
sent to the washing and screening area where the
fibers are separated from the black liquor. The black
liquor is recovered, recycled and converted back
into white liquor for reuse.
CLEANING
• The fibers are then meshed,
screened and dried through an
ECF process and the subsequent
pulp produced are then baled or
supplied in slush form for paper
making.
PRESSING
• The sheet of wet paper is mechanically
pressed to remove as much water
– lowers the water content of the thin mat of
paper by 50%.

• This reduces the amount of steam

required for drying
 DRYING
• A series of cast-iron cylinders,
heated to a temperature in excess
of 100 degrees Celsius, further
removes excess water to the
desired paper specifications
REELING, WINDING, AND
SHEETING
• Paper is subsequently wound into large reels

CALENDARING
• process of smoothing and compressing a
material (notably paper) during production
by passing a single continuous sheet
through a number of pairs of heated rolls.
• Provide a smooth, glossy finish.
FINISHING & PACKAGING
• The reels are sold directly to
customers or are further processed into
folio sheets or packaged into cutsize
products for daily use
QUALITY CONTROL
OF FINISHED
PRODUCTS
QUALITY CONTROL
SUBSTANCE
• Defined as weight per unit of area
• Measured by weighing a standard size piece of
the material on a specially calibrated balance.
CALIPER
• Determination of thickness
• Indicative of strength of material
QUALITY CONTROL
BURST
• Determination of bursting strength if paper by measuring
hydrostatic pressure.
TEAR
• Measuring the average force required to tear a single sheet
of paper after tear has started
QUALITY CONTROL
OPACITY
• Importance in preventing “slow-through”
WATER ABSORBENCY
• Amount of water absorbed after the paper has been
subjected to water at constant pressure over a standard area
for a specified time.
QUALITY CONTROL
SMOOTHNESS
• Quantifies the surface finish of paper and measures air
leakage
FREENESS TESTING
• Determine drainage characteristics of pulp
RECYCLING OF
WASTE PAPER
RECYCLING
• Recycling is a process to change waste materials into new usable
products
RECYCLING INFORMATION
POST-CONSUMER WASTEPAPER (PCW)
• Waste that has been used by a consumer and has served its intended purpose
• Separated from solid waste to be recycled into new paper
RECYCLING INFORMATION
REDUCING THE HARM OF BLEACHING
• The process in which chlorine is used to achieve the whiteness of
paper
• Bleaching with chlorine is harmful to the environment
– Produces dioxins (highly carcinogenic)
• Use Totally Chlorine Free (TCF)
RECYCLING INFORMATION
ALTERNATIVE FIBERS IN PAPER
• Kenaf and Hemp
– alternative fiber sources
• Agricultural waste
– From existing land use and not an
international crop that requires new
land
PROCESS
COLLECTION
• Paper is taken from the bin and
deposited in a large recycling
container along with paper from other
recycling bins
PROCESS
SORTING
• Paper is taken to a recycling facility
where it is separated into types and
grades
• Then it is wrapped into bundles and
sent to paper mills for further
processing
PROCESS
PULPING
• Paper moves by conveyor to a big vat called a pulper, which
contains water and chemicals.
• Paper is chopped into small pieces then water is added
• Mixture is then heated to further break down the fibers
– Appearance of mushy pulpy bulk
PROCESS
SCREENING or FILTERING
• Once the pulp is made, it is pushed
through screens that contain small holes
and slots having different sizes and
shapes
– Contaminants such as plastic tapes are
removed
– Carried out several times
PROCESS
CLEANING
• Big cone-shaped cylinders are used for
further cleaning the pulp by carrying out
spinning process
• Larger pulp fibers are separated into
smaller fibers, and any remaining bulk
materials such as staples and paper clips
are removed
PROCESS
DE-INKING
• removes printing ink and sticky materials such as glue
residue and adhesives, and involves the following two
processes:
– WASHING - small ink particles are cleaned by rinsing the
pulp with water
– FLOTATION - bigger ink particles are removed with the
help of air bubbles
– surfactants are added to the pulp that force
the remaining ink and sticky materials to
the top and allow for easier removal from
the clean pulp.
 PROCESS
REFINING, COLOR-STRIPPING, and
BLEACHING
• During refining, the pulp is beaten to make the recycled fibers
swell, making them ideal for papermaking
• If the paper pulp contains any dyes, color-stripping chemicals
are added to remove them
• If white paper is desired, the paper pulp may be bleached with
hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, or oxygen to make it
white and to brighten it
• If brown recycled paper is being made, such as that used for
industrial paper towels, the pulp does not need to be bleached. 
PROCESS
PAPERMAKING
• The recycled fiber can be used alone, or blended
with new wood fiber (called virgin fiber) to give it
extra strength or smoothness
• The pulp is mixed with water and chemicals in
which the water content is around 99.5 percent
• The pulp is then sprayed onto wire screens, which
drains the water and bonds the recycled fibers to
form a watery paper sheet
PROCESS
PRESSING
DRYING
REELING, WINDING, and SHEETING
FINISHING AND PACKAGING
WASTE TREATMENT
• Refers to the activities required to ensure that waste has the least
practicable impact on the environment
WASTE TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
• All wastewater from the mill goes first to clarifiers where all
settleable solids are removed
– Settleable - Material heavy enough to sink to the bottom of a wastewater treatment tank

• These solids are then returned to the mill, where they are dewatered
and burned in the mill’s boilers
WASTE TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
• Liquid is now pumped to large lagoons
• The natural self-cleaning process through its naturally-occurring
microbes
• Treated water is then released to secondary clarifiers for final
treatment
WASTE TREATMENT
SANITARY LANDFILL
• Solid waste is compacted into the smallest possible volume and
hauled to a landfill area
PHILIPPINE
PAPER
INDUSTRY
PHILIPPINE PAPER INDUSTRY
• The Philippine paper industry seeks to attain the capability
to serve all major pulp and paper requirements of the
country and develop high-value and quality pulp and paper
products in the long-term, in a manner that is
internationally competitive and environmentally-
sustainable.
GOALS
• To improve the country’s wastepaper recovery and recycling rate; 
• To upgrade the levels of manufacturing technologies and
environmental performance of local paper mills; 
• To establish local sources of pulp, based on sustainably-managed
tree plantations and non-wood fibers from agricultural wastes and
annual crops; and
• To enable the local mills in achieving economic competitiveness
and thus, contribute to poverty alleviation and national
development.
PHILIPPINE PAPER INDUSTRY
• At present, the Philippines has twenty-four (24) non-integrated
paper mills with a total production capacity of 1.3 million tons of
paper and paperboard per year.
• In the last five years, almost all grades produced in the Philippines
have a recycled fiber content of 95-100%, compared to the
minimum recycled content of 25-35% implemented in developed
countries.
PHILIPPINE PAPER INDUSTRY
• Noah’s paper mills INC.
– Southest Marcos highway, Tayug Marikina Metro Manila
• Asia Paper Industrial Corp.
– Cabuco cavite
• Tahochi Trading and Indutrial Supply
– Valenzuela City
• Aclem Paper Mills INC.
– Binondo Manila
• Star Paper Corporation
– Quezon City, Metro Manila
INDUSTRY
UPDATES
INDUSTRY UPDATE
• Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)
– produced by plants, opens the way to produce pulp at low temperatures and
at atmospheric pressure. Using DES, any type of biomass could be
dissolved into lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose with minimal energy,
emissions and residues. They could also be used to recover cellulose from
waste and dissolve ink residues in recovered paper.
• DryPulp for cure-formed paper
– Imagine a papermaking process that uses no water. This is it. Fibres are
treated to protect them from shear, and then suspended in a viscous solution
at up to 40% concentration. The solution is then pressed out and the thin
sheet cured with a choice of additives to deliver the end-product required.
REFERENCE:
• http://ietd.iipnetwork.org/content/chemical-pulping
• http://ietd.iipnetwork.org/content/pulp-and-paper
• http://ietd.iipnetwork.org/content/mechanical-pulping
• http://printwiki.org/Chemical_Pulping
• http://printwiki.org/Semichemical_Pulping
• http://printwiki.org/Mechanical_Pulping
• http://printwiki.org/Kraft
• http://www.paperonline.org/paper-production/pulping/types-of-pulping-processes
• http://www.paperonline.org/paper-making/paper-production/pulping/pulp-varieties
• http://www.upmpulp.com/materials-for-pulp-products/what-is-pulp/Pages/Default.aspx
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!