PABE11 – Food Process Engineering

Unit 2 – Material and Energy Balances

PREPARED BY: FPGUMAMAC
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the unit, the students should be able to:
1. Explain the principle behind material and energy
balance
2. Solve problems involving material and energy
balance
Topic Outline
I. Material Balances
a. Overall Material Balances
b. Concentration and composition
c. Component material balance
d. Recycle and Bypass
III. Energy Balance
Material Balance
Material Balance
 allows the mass flow rate and composition of the
various process streams to be determined
 necessary inputs for a given production rate can be
calculated or alternatively the output rate for given
raw material feed rates can be determined.
Material Balance
material balance may be written in the form:
Input + generation – consumption = output +
accumulation
Material Balance
In food manufacturing process, there is no
generation or consumption of mass and these
terms may be omitted.
In continuous process operated at steady state, the
accumulation term may be set equal to zero.
Material Balance
 The material balance equation is reduced into:
Input = Output
 all mass entering the envelope must leave it.
Concentration and composition
Concentration and composition
A. Fractions
Mass fraction is simply the mass of a given
component expressed as a fraction of the total mass
of the mixture containing that component.
Concentration and composition
Formula:

Where:
mass fraction of A
= mass of component A
= mass of component B
Concentration and composition
Mole fraction is defined as the number of moles of a
specified component expressed as a fraction of the
total number of moles in the mixture.
Concentration and composition
Formula:

Where:
mole fraction of A
= mole of component A
= mole of component B
Sample Problem 1
A solution contains 2.5 kg of ethanol in 3.75 kg of water.
Express the concentration of ethanol as both a mass
fraction and a mole fraction.
Given:
= 2.5 kg ethanol
3.75 kg water
Sample Problem 1
Required: concentration of ethanol in a) mass fraction,
b) mole fraction
Solution: Solving for mass fraction
Sample Problem 1
Solution: Solving for mole fraction

Molecular weight of water = 18

Molecular weight of ethanol (C2H5OH)= 46
Molar mass of water = 3.75/18 kmol
Molar mass of ethanol = 2.5/ 46 kmol
Sample Problem 1
Solution: Solving for mole fraction
Sample Problem 1
A mass percentage is simply the mass fraction multiplied by
100. Therefore, in the above example, the concentrations of
ethanol is 40% by mass and the molar concentration is 20.7%.
Concentration and composition
B.Ratios
the concentration of a given component may be expressed
as ratio of the mass of that component to the mass of a
second component.
 Used in a binary system or in a system where a number of
components can be treated together and which therefore
approximates to a binary mixture and where the mass of the
second component remains constant.
Concentration and composition
in a binary mixture of A and B, the mass ratio of A is
defined by:

upper case symbols (X for liquid and Y for vapor

gases) are used for ratios.
Concentration and composition
Mass ratios are used frequently to express the concentration
of:
water in solid food (moisture content)
water vapor in the air (humidity)
Sample Problem 2
Ten kilograms of water is added to 30 kg of dry solid
food. What is the resulting moisture content?
Given:
= 10 kg water
= 30 kg solid food
Required:
Moisture content
Sample Problem 2
Solution:
Moisture content as a mass fraction:

Thus, the mass fraction of water is 0.25 and the mass

percentage of water is 25%
Sample Problem 2
Solution:
Using a mass ratio:

That is, the moisture content as percentage is 33.3%

Concentration and composition
 mass fractions and mass ratio give very different values for
the same concentration.
 In the particular case of water, the mass fraction is often
referred to as moisture content on a wet weight basis, and
in the case of mass ratio as a dry weight basis.
 it should be noted that ratios can have values greater than
unity (whereas fractions have values only between zero and
unity)
Concentration and composition
The relationship between fraction and ratio may be formalized
as follows:

And
Concentration and composition
Using the data of Sample Problem 2, the mass fraction is

And the mass ratio is

Overall Material Balances
Formula:
=
Where: = mass flow rate
SI unit: kg/s
Component Material Balances
Formula:

Most material balance problem will require the

simultaneous solution of an overall balance and at least
one component balance equation.
Sample Problem 3
Determine the respective masses of 10% and 50% (by weight)
aqueous sucrose solution which must be mixed to prepare 100
kg of a 22% sucrose solution.

Given: initial concentration (mass percentage), final mass, final

concentration
Required: initial mass of 10% and 50% sucrose solution
Sample problem 3
Solution:
Let:
A = mass of 10% solution
B = mass of 50% solution
The overall material balance is,
A + B = 100 eq. 1
Where each term has units of kilogram.
Sample problem 3
Solution:
The component material balance (for sucrose) is
0.10A + 0.50B = 0.22 (100) eq. 2
From equation 1:
A + B = 100
B = 100 – A
Sample problem 3
Substituting B from equation 1 to equation 2:
0.10A + 0.50B = 0.22 (100)
0.10A + 0.50(100-A) = 0.22 (100)
A = 70 kg
Substituting the value of A to equation 1:
70 + B = 100
B = 30 kg
Sample Problem 4
Tomato juice containing 7% solids by mass is fed to an
evaporator and water is removed at a rate of 500 kg/h. If the
concentrate is to contain 35% solids, determine the necessary
feed rate.
Given: initial concentration of solids, final concentration of
solids, mass flow rate
Required: feed rate
Sample Problem 4
Solution:
Let F = feed rate
L = product rate
The overall material balance is:
F = 500 + L eq. 1
The component balance for solids becomes:
0.07F = 0 + 0.35L eq. 2
Sample Problem 4
From equation 1:
F = 500 + L
L = F – 500
Substituting the value of L to equation 2:
0.07F = 0 + 0.35L
0.07F = 0 + 0.35(F-500)
F = 625 kg/h
Sample Problem 5
Diced potato is dehydrated in a drier from a moisture content of
85% (wet weight basis) to 20% using warm air with an absolute
humidity of 0.010 kg water/kg dry air. Dry air enter the drier at a
mass flow rate of 500 times that of the dry potato. Calculate the
absolute humidity of the outlet air.