SETS

Objectives:

1. define a well-defined set;

2. illustrate a subset, universal set, null set, cardinality of
set; and
3. analyze union, intersection, and the difference of two
sets.
NUMBERS TREES POLYHEDRA HEAD COVERING
 Which collections of objects does not
belong to the group?

A B C D E
Which collections of objects does not
belong to the group?
Which collections of objects does not
belong to the group?
Which collections of objects does not
belong to the group?
SET
- Collection or group of objects.

- It is a well-defined means that

it is possible to determine
whether an object belongs to a
given set or not.
well-defined
A set of Philippine Presidents
A set of odd numbers
A set of fruits
A set of books
Not well-defined
A set of honest Philippine Presidents
A large numbers
A set of tasty of fruits
A set of nice to read books.
Set of nice people in the your class.
How to Write and Name a Set
A set is represented by a capital letter
Example:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}

Read as
“set A”
 A = {a, e, i, o, u}
• Elements are usually represented by small letters, numbers,
words, or representations of the members of a given set.
The elements from the given set are: a, e, i, o, u

Another example: H = { black, yellow, red, blue, green}

The element are: black, yellow, red, blue, green
 A = {a, e, i, o, u}
• Braces are used to enclose the elements.

{ }
• Commas are used to separate the elements.

,
 State whether each of the following sets is well-defined
or not
Not 1. The set of young politicians.
Well-defined2. The set of types of matter.
Not 3. The set of versatile actress.
Well-defined 4. The set of all oceans of the earth.
Well-defined 5. The set of months containing 31 days.
Not 6. The set of tasty food.
Well-defined 7. The set of planets in our solar system.
Not 8. The set of durable bags.
Well-defined 9. The set of consonants in the English Alphabet
Well-defined 10. The set of even counting numbers.
 Match the descriptions in column A with word/s being
described in column B. Write the letter of your choice.
Column A Column B
_______1. The objects contained in the set.
a. capital letters
_______2. A well-defined group or collection of
objects that share common characteristics. b. set
_______3. It is represented by three dots which
c. ellipsis
is used to indicate that a set has many / infinite
elements. d. { }
_______4. A symbol use to group the elements
e. elements
of a set.
_______5. A symbol used in represent a set.
HOME BASED
Important Terms to Remember
The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
1. A set is a well-definedgroup of objects, called elements that share a common
characteristic.
Example : 3 of the objects above belong to the set of head covering or simply hats
(ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat).

2. The set F is a subset of set A if all elements of F are also elements of A.

Example: the even numbers 2, 4 and 12 all belong to the set of whole numbers.
Therefore, the even numbers 2, 4, and 12 form a subset of the set of whole numbers.
F is a proper subset of A if F does not contain all elements of A.

A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
F = { 2, 4, 12 }
3. The universal set U is the set that contains all objects under
consideration.
A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15} – universal set

4. The null set is an empty set. The null set is a subset of any set.
X= { } – null set/ empty set
5. The cardinality of a set A is the number of elements contained in a
set.
D = {3, 6, 2, 8, 5 }
n(D)= 5
Notations and Symbols
1. Uppercase letters will be used to name sets and lowercase letters will
be used to refer to any element of a set.
2. The symbol Ø or { } will be used to refer to an empty set.

3. If F is a subset of A, then we write F ⊆ A. We also say that A

contains the set F and write it as A⊇F. If F is a proper subset of A,
then we write F ⊂ A.

4. The cardinality of a set A is written as n(A).

 SUBSETS
Let B = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
List all the possible subsets of B.

{ }, {1}, {3}, {5}, {7}, {9}, {1, 3}, {1, 5}, {1, 7}, {1, 9}, {3, 5}, {3, 7}, {3,
9}, {5, 7}, {5, 9}, {7, 9}, {1, 3, 5}, {1, 3, 7}, {1, 3, 9}, {3, 5, 7}, {3, 5, 9},
{5, 7, 9}, {1, 5, 7}, {1, 5, 9}, {1, 7, 9}, {3, 7, 9}, {1, 3, 5, 7}, {1, 3, 5, 9}, {1,
5, 7, 9}, {3, 5, 7, 9}, {1, 3, 7, 9},
DAY 4 – Classroom Based
UNION OF SET
- is the containing all elements that are in set A or in set B or both.
- The union of set A and set B is written as:
AUB
Examples:
1. Find the union of set A and set B if:
A = { 1,2, 3, 4} B = { 2, 4, 6, 8}

2. Find the union of set D and set K if:

D = {a,c,e,d} K = {c,d,f,g}
INTERSECTION OF SET
- is the set of elements common to both A and B.
- The intersection of set A and set B is written as:
A ∩B
Examples:
1. Find the intersetion of set A and set B if:
A = { 1,2, 3, 4} B = { 1, 2, 4, 6, 8}

2. Find the union of set D and set K if:

D = {a,b,c,e,d} K = {c,d,f,g,h}
DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS
- is a set of elements in A that are not B and vice versa.
- The difference of two sets can be written as:
A–B or B - A
Examples:
1. Find the difference of set A and set B if:
A = { 1,2, 3, 4} B = { 1, 2, 4, 6, 8}

2. Find the union of set D and set K if:

D = {a,b,c,e,d} K = {c,d,f,g,h}
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
- set of all elements in the universal set U that are not in set A.
- The complement of a set can be written as:
A’
Examples:
1. Find the difference of set A and set B if:

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {1, 3, 5}
Perform the following operation.
1. If A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {a, c, f, g, h, i}, find:
(a) A ∪ B = __________________________
(b) A ∩ B = __________________________
(c) A – B = __________________________
2. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}, and C = {6, 7, 8, 9}, find:
(a) A ∪ B = __________________________
(b) B ∩ C = __________________________
(c) C – A = __________________________
3. If A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, B = {8, 10, 12, 14}, C = {12, 14, 16} and D = {16, 18}, find:
(a) B ∪ D = __________________________
(b) A ∩ B = __________________________
(c) A – B = __________________________
4. Let X = {ballpen, crayon, pentel pen, pencil}, Y = {pencil, ballpen}, Z = {crayon}
Find:
(a) X ∪ Y = __________________________
(b) X ∩ Z = __________________________
(c) X – Y = __________________________
Sometimes, love is the “intersection of set”
-we look only for the common things…

While,

Friendship is like “union of set”

- we add all the things we have…
Venn Diagram
- a diagram representing mathematical or
logical sets pictorially as circles or closed
curves within an enclosing rectangle (the
universal set), common elements of the sets
being represented by the areas of overlap
among the circles.
Consider the Venn diagram below. Let the universal set U be
all the elements in sets B and C.

C
B
Try these!!

Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships

between the following pairs or groups of sets:
1.
E = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
E

F = {2, 32} F
Try these!!

Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships

between the following pairs or groups of sets:
2.
A = {6, 12, 32, 64, 75}
M = {6, 12,32, 64, 75, 120, 150}