ND 112

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH

EMPHASIS ON HUMAN NUTRITION
JOHN STEPHEN C. RAMOS , RND
Instructor
Nutrition and Dietetics Department
First Semester, School Year 2021-2022
THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND
NERVE
TISSUES
 WHAT IS NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS
FUNCTION?

 WHAT IS NERVE, ITS

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS?

 WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND ITS FUNCTION?

 WHAT IS SOMATIC
AND AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM?
THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
And its Function
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system is a complex collection of
nerves and specialized cells known as neurons
that transmit signals between different parts of
the body.
• Structurally, the nervous system has two
components: the central nervous system and
the peripheral nervous system.
• Functionally, the nervous system has two main
subdivisions: the somatic, or voluntary,
component; and the autonomic, or involuntary,
component. 
THE THREE MAJOR FUNCTION
OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1. SENSATION

 The first major function of the nervous system is sensation—

receiving information about the environment to gain input about
what is happening outside the body (or, sometimes, within the
body).
 The senses we think of most are the “big five”: taste, smell, touch,
sight, and hearing.
2. RESPONSE
The nervous system produces a response on the basis of the stimuli perceived
by sensory structures.
An obvious response would be the movement of muscles, such as withdrawing
a hand from a hot stove, but there are broader uses of the term.

RESPONSES CAN DIVIDE INTO:

Voluntary or conscious (contraction of skeletal muscle)
Involuntary (contraction of smooth muscles, regulation of cardiac muscle,
activation of glands).
3. INTEGRATION

Stimuli that are received by sensory structures are

communicated to the nervous system where that
information is processed.
Stimuli are compared with, or integrated with, other
stimuli, memories of previous stimuli, or the state of a
person at a particular time.
WHAT IS NERVE?
-according to the University of Michigan Medical
Schools, nerves are cylindrical bundles of fibers that start at
the brain and central cord and branch out to every other parts
of the body.

WHAT IS NERVE TISSUE?

-it is responsible for coordinating and controlling many
body activities that is found in the brain, spinal cord and
nerves.

WHAT IS NERVE CELL or NEURON?

-neuron or nerve cells  function  is to transmit electrical
messages and signals throughout the body.
WHAT ARE THE
TYPES OF
NEURONS
And its function
 SENSORY
NEURONS
• Are nerve cells
within the nervous
system
• responsible for
converting external
stimuli from the
organism's
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiBg7eRrIfkAhXPAYgKHVYxBlcQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.istockphoto.com%2Fvector%2Fthe-structure-of-the-sensory-neuron-infographics-vector-illustration-on-isolated-
environment into
gm683557066-125647849&psig=AOvVaw2eTYttrMZm_3Mn3FRS0QOc&ust=1566043297218139
internal electrical
impulses.
 MOTOR
NEURONS
• Motor neurons are
neurons located in
the central nervous
system
• they project their
axons outside of
the CNS to
directly or
indirectly control
Copy right: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gotqQ7RxT_U/maxresdefault.jpg
muscles.
 INTERNEURON
• Create neural
circuits, enabling
communication
between sensory or
motor neurons and
the central nervous
system (CNS). 

Copy right: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gotqQ7RxT_U/maxresdefault.jpg

 NEURON
CLASSIFICAT
ION BY
SHAPE
This diagram shows
the difference between:
1) a unipolar neuron
2) a bipolar neuron;
3) a multipolar neuron
4) a pseudounipolar
https://textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com/boundless-psychology/ti-pseudouni.svg#fixme
neuron.
 R
NEURON
S
• Have one process that includes
both the axon and dendrite.
• Are only found in invertebrate
animals, so the unipolar cells in
humans are more appropriately
called “pseudo-unipolar” cells.
• Invertebrate unipolar cells do not
have dendrites.
• Human unipolar cells have an
axon that emerges from the cell
body, but it splits so that the
axon can extend along a very
long distance.
 BIPOLAR
NEURONS
• Cells have two processes,
which extend from each end of
the cell body, opposite to each
other. One is the axon and one
the dendrite.
• They are found mainly in the
olfactory epithelium (where
smell stimuli are sensed), and
as part of the retina.

http://anatomyzone.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/bipolar-neuron.png
 MULTIPOL
AR
NEURONS
• Have more than two
processes, the axon and
two or more dendrites
(usually many more).
• With the exception of the
unipolar sensory ganglion
cells, and the two specific
bipolar cells mentioned
above, all other neurons
are multipolar.
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiFise694jkAhUGM94KHXrZBqoQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.shodor.org%2FHodgkin%2Fbio.html&psig=AOvVaw250lThqlhSLDIXEJayR9-S&ust=1566097624997428
 PSEDOUNIPOL
AR NEURONS
• (pseudo – false, uni – one)
is a kind of
sensory neuron in the
peripheral nervous system.
• This neuron contains an
axon that has split into two
branches; one branch runs
to the periphery and the
other to the spinal cord.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwibq8mJ-IjkAhXHP3AKHQBpArQQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.bioexplorer.net%2Fnerve-cell-types.html%2F&psig=AOvVaw0mwuNwIWW0fgJOiQbS6aRt&ust=1566098048613854
WHAT IS
SYNAPSES
• In the central nervous system,
a synapse is a small gap at the
end of a neuron that allows a
signal to pass from one neuron
to the next.
• Synapses are found where 
nerve cells connect with other
nerve cells.
• Synapses are key to the brain's
function, especially when it
comes to memory.
How do synapses works?
Synaptic communication is distinct from an ephaptic coupling, in which
communication between neurons occurs via indirect electric fields.

An autapse is a chemical or electrical synapse that forms when the axon of

one neuron synapses onto dendrites of the same neuron.
WHAT IS ACTION POTENTIAL?
 An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.

 Neuroscientists use other words, such as a "spike" or an "impulse" for the action potential.

 The action potential is an explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current. This means that
some event (a stimulus) causes the resting potential to move toward 0 mV.
TWO PARTS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

The central nervous system

(CNS) controls most
functions of the body and
mind.

(CNS) is the part of the

nervous system consisting
of the brain and spinal cord.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiUrJjzqofkAhWVA4gKHdWLDOEQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fsearch%2Fnerve
%2Bcell&psig=AOvVaw0wFOiBlfOGrGPZPU1UJ7I7&ust=1566041900345468
THE BRAIN
 The brain is the center of our
thoughts, the interpreter of our
external environment, and the
origin of control over body
movement.
 Like a central computer, it
interprets information from our
eyes (sight), ears (sound), nose
(smell), tongue (taste), and skin
(touch), as well as from internal
organs such as the stomach.
 Have 3 major parts: Cerebrum,
Cerebellum and Brain stem.
 Have 2 hemispheres: left
hemispheres and right
hemispheres
 3 MAJOR
PARTS OF THE
BRAIN
The brain is composed of the
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

http://lh4.ggpht.com/-LuzjIzjUvFs/Uym2VcSh1RI/AAAAAAAABDI/tunSDFTJh84/Brain%252527s%252520three%252520parts
%25255B4%25255D.gif?imgmax=800
 CEREBRUM
 is the largest part of the brain
 composed of right and left
hemispheres.
 It performs higher functions
like interpreting touch, vision
and hearing, as well as speech,
reasoning, emotions, learning,
and fine control of movement.

 Have 4 region called lobes

which are: Temporal lobe,
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-LuzjIzjUvFs/Uym2VcSh1RI/AAAAAAAABDI/tunSDFTJh84/Brain%252527s%252520three
%252520parts%25255B4%25255D.gif?imgmax=800 Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe,
Frontal lobe
PARTS OF CEREBRUM
Temporal lobe
 is located behind your ears and extends to both
sides of the brain. The temporal lobe is involved in
vision, memory, sensory input, language, emotion,
and comprehension
 Auditory information
https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Brainlobes1a.png
https://brainmadesimple.com/uploads/7/8/8/5/7885523/_2396667.jpg
 Parietal lobe
 is located above the occipital lobe of the brain and
behind the frontal lobe.
 The parietal lobe is known to interpret sensory
information, such as letting you know the location of
parts of your body and aiding in physical navigation.
 Frontal lobe Occipital lobe

Is the part of the brain that controls important cognitive

skills in humans, such as emotional expression,
problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and
sexual behaviors. It is, in essence, the “control panel” of
our personality and our ability to communicate

https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Brainlobes1a.png

Is important to being able to correctly understand what

your eyes are seeing. These lobes have to be very fast to
process the rapid information that our eyes are sending.

https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Brainlobes1a.png
 CEREBELLUM
 The little brain
 It receives information from
the sensory systems, the
spinal cord, and other parts
of the brain and then
regulates motor movements.
 The cerebellum coordinates
voluntary movements such
as posture, balance,
coordination, and speech,
resulting in smooth and
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwitl4X5mYnkAhVaUN4KHbEYC7UQjRx6BAgBEAQ
balanced muscular activity.
&url=http%3A%2F%2Fstandoutpublishing.com%2Fg%2Fcerebellum.html&psig=AOvVaw1ghQoO1fOHzW9xKJhiIeKV&ust
=1566107133325152
 It is also important for
learning motor behaviors.
 BRAIN
STEM 
 controls the flow of
messages between the
brain and the rest of
the body,
 Controls basic body
functions such as
breathing, swallowing,
heart rate, blood
pressure,
consciousness, and
whether one is awake
or sleepy.

https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/113042/images/brainstem1.jpg
3 MAJOR PARTS
OF BRAIN STEM
And its functions
 MIDBRAI
N
  Serves
important functions in
motor movement,
particularly movements
of the eye, and in
auditory and visual
processing.
https://www.assignmentpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Midbrain.jpg
 MEDULLA
  medulla oblongata
helps regulate
breathing, heart and
blood vessel function,
digestion, sneezing, and
swallowing.
 This part of the brain is
a center for respiration
and circulation. 

https://thumbor.kenhub.com/77egAYC4gHqt-odZW4knFR-44qA=/fit-in/800x1600/filters:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-
10,-10,0):background_color(FFFFFF):format(jpeg)/images/library/4053/WU0POdK93YLDIPco3Rwb7g_image1_medial.png
 PONS
  serves as a message
station between several
areas of the brain.
 It helps relay messages
from the cortex and the
cerebellum.
 Without the pons, the
brain would not be able
to function because
messages would not be
able to be transmitted or
passed along.

http://static1.squarespace.com/static/
52ec8c1ae4b047ccc14d6f29/53434d26e4b038212627b036/57dd2ab2414fb54619547f24/1544888228575/pons2.jpg?
format=1500w
 BRAIN HEMISPHERES
Left Hemisphere  Right Hemisphere

 is responsible for coordinates the left side of the

controlling body, and performs tasks that
the right side of the have do with creativity
body. It also performs
tasks that have to do and the arts.
with logic, such as in
science and
mathematics. 
THE SPINAL
CORD
Its parts and function
 SPINAL CORD
 The spinal cord is a
continuation of the brainstem
.
 The spinal cord is part of the 
central nervous system (CNS
)
. It is situated inside the
vertebral canal of the 
vertebral column. 
 It connects a large part of the
peripheral nervous system to
the brain.
 Information (nerve impulses)
reaching the spinal
cord through sensory
neurons are transmitted up
into the brain.
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/38/ac/eb/38aceb4f930bfde459a5f4109c9d30fb.gif
SPINAL CORD
DIVISION
 CERVICAL
DIVISION
 Being the anterior most
segments of the spinal
cord that run across seven
cervical vertebrae, it is
located along the neck
region.
 The upper portion forms
as many as eight pairs of
cervical nerves.
https://www.augustahealth.org/media/Image/Neuroscience%20Center/Spine/picC8%20(1).jpg
 THORACIC
DIVISION
Running along the series of
twelve T vertebrae in the
thoracic region, they
constitute 12 pairs of
thoracic nerves each of
which leaving the vertebral
column below the associated
vertebral division.

https://loptonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/3638_struc01.jpg https://loptonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/3638_struc01.jpg
 LUMBAR
DIVISION
 It is one of the parts of
spinal cord that is
protected by five
lumbar vertebrae.
 it gives rise to five
pairs of nervous
extensions each of
which emerges below
the associated
vertebra.
https://3kyerb3xodxy3myxi0639mwv-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/lumbar-spine-ppp-73103_960x675.jpg
 SACRAL
DIVISION
The same is the case
with this region, i.e.
five sacral nerve pairs
leave your backbone
just beneath each bony
segment and are
named as S1, S2, S3,
S4 and S5.

https://www.kempsvillechiro.com/images/article-images/lumbar-spine.jpg
COCCYGEA
L 
DIVISION
 The lower most portion
of the neural tube that
gives rise to one pair of
coccygeal nerves and
leaves the vertebrae
through sacral hiatus.
 However, here you will
find that three segments
of the region fuse
together to form a
single unit.
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 (The PNS) consists of
the nerves and ganglia
outside the brain and
spinal cord.
  (PNS) is the division of
the nervous
system containing all
the nerves that lie outside
of the central nervous
system (CNS).
 The primary role of the
PNS is to connect the
CNS to the organs, limbs,
and skin.
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/38/ac/eb/38aceb4f930bfde459a5f4109c9d30fb.gif
NERVE
-according to the
University of Michigan
Medical Schools, nerves
are cylindrical bundles
of fibers that start at the
brain and central cord
and branch out to every
other parts of the body.
 PARTS OF
NERVE
CELL(NEURON
S)
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Axon
terminals
http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/images/neudiavc.gif
PART OF
NEURONS
And function
 DENDRIT
ES
 Are the structures
on the neuron that
receive electrical
messages.
 These messages
come in two basic
forms: excitatory
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ec8c1ae4b047ccc14d6f29/1490266118842-
7T46MNLGXN5NMO7MDORS/
ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kNj_MtxxaHdyCFMQtvN1RgIUqsxRUqqbr1mOJYKfIPR7LoDQ9mXPOjoJoqy81S2I8N_N4V1v
and inhibitory
Ub5AoIIIbLZhVYxCRW4BPu10St3TBAUQYVKcZlHYTfp6ylcx19VHZqkSH23YXrvO6V10nnKwUhkT4vFZTaOEkJfPblA
3U_bTRTy2/dendrites1.jpg action 
CELL BODY
(SOMA)
 is the spherical part of the
neuron that contains the
nucleus.
 The cell body connects to
the dendrites, which bring
information to the
neuron, and the axon,
which sends information
to other neurons.
 AXON
 or nerve fiber, is a long
slender projection of a
nerve cell, or neuron,
that conducts electrical
impulses away from the
neuron's cell body or
soma. 
 Axons are in effect the
primary transmission
lines of the nervous
https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH842PH842&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa
=1&ei=bqFXXfvgMPGGr7wPnoe50AY&q=axon++image&oq=axon++image&gs_l
system, and as bundles
=img.3..0i67j0i8i30l3.66193.67427..67995...0.0..0.671.2321.2-2j0j1j2......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0.e2CSwjHZ8H0&ved=0ahU
KEwj7z5OYponkAhVxw4sBHZ5DDmoQ4dUDCAY&uact=5#imgrc=sTiLlTXjBQ4LQM: they help make up
nerves.
 AXON
Axon
terminal TERMINAL
  Are that part of a nerve cell
that make synaptic
connections with another
nerve cell or with an
effector cell (e.g. muscle
cell or gland cell). 
 Axon terminals contain
various neurotransmitters
and release them at the
synapse
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Neuron_Hand-tuned.svg/400px-Neuron_Hand-tuned.svg.png
GLIAL CELL
 surround neurons and provide
support for and insulation
between them.
  Glial cells are the most
abundant cell types in the central
nervous system.
 Types of glial cells include:
 Oligodendrocytes
 Astrocytes
 ependymal cells,
 Schwann cells
 Microglia
 satellite cells.
 Glial Cell Types by Location and Basic Function

CNS glia PNS glia Basic function

Astrocyte Satellite cell Support

Oligodendrocyte Schwann cell Insulation, myelination

Immune surveillance
Microglia –
and phagocytosis

Ependymal cell – Creating CSF

THE
EMBRYOLOGI
C
PERSPECTIVE
 Primary and Secondary
Vesicle Stages of
Development.
 The embryonic brain
develops complexity
through enlargements of
the neural tube called
vesicles;
 (a) The primary vesicle
stage has three regions,
and
 (b) the secondary
vesicle stage has five
regions.
 AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Regulates a variety of body
process that takes place
without conscious effort
For examples:
 Heart rate

 Digestion

 Perspiration

 Adrenalin rush

 Respiratory rate

 Salivation

https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Sample-Autonomic-Nervous-System-Pathways-550x550.png
THE THREE (3)
STRUCTURES OF
AUTONOMIC
SYMPATHETIC
DIVISION OF THE
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Regulates the
flight-or-flight
responses tasks as
relaxing the
bladder, speeding
up heart rate and
dilating eye
pupils.
PARASYMPATHETI
C DIVISION OF
THE AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Helps maintain normal
resources.
 This division also
performs such taste as
controlling the bladder,
flowing down the heart
rate, and constricting
eye pupil.
THE
AUTONOMIC:
ENTERIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Is also made of a third
components known as
the enteric nervous,
which is confined to
the gastrointestinal
tract.
 Also called as the
second brain.
SOMATIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Is the part of the peripheral
nervous system associated with
the voluntary control of body
movement via skeletal muscles.
 It is also responsible for the
movement of voluntary muscles
and the process known as a
reflex arc.
 This system carries nerve
impulses back and forth between
the CNS which is the brain , and
the spinal cord, and the skeletal
muscles, skin and sensory
organs.
Example= raising hand to recite.
 ROLE OF NUTRITION
The brain plays an important part in the regulation of nutrition in the rest of
the body, and neurologic disorders can result in malnutrition as well.

The human brain consumes an enormous amount of energy. Despite

representing only 2% of the body s total mass, the human brain consumes
20% of the body total energy because of the increased metabolic need of its
neurons. 

Nutrition plays an important role in neurodevelopment in children and in

preventing neurodegeneration during aging.
 ROLE OF NUTRITION
Some of the earliest non-plant foods eaten included fish, the consistent
consumption of which could have provided a means of initiating and
sustaining cerebral cortex growth without an attendant increase in body
mass. 

Although it is recognized that a dietary supply of macronutrients

(protein, carbohydrate, and fat) is essential for human health, a basic
knowledge of micronutrients, vitamins, and trace minerals is important
for understanding the pathophysiology of some brain disorders and
forms a basis for therapeutic interventions.
REFERENCES
 “Nervous Tissue” from National Cancer Institute retrieved from training.seer.cancer.gov
 Somatic Nervous System at Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
 Schmidt, A; Thews G (1989) “Autonomic Nervous System”. In Janig, W (ed.). Human
Physiology (2 ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag pp. 333-370
 Jain KK, MD (2019) “Nutrition and the brain” retrieved from
https://www.medlink.com/article/nutrition_and_the_brain on October 11, 2020.
 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seeley, Stephens, and Tate.