Angle Measurement

Angle Gauges
Inspection of Compound Angle using Angle
Guages
Calibration of Angle Gauges
Use of angle Gauge
Spirit Level
• Spirit Level for Small inclination
measurement
• Oval shaped sealed tube with
liquid inside preferably alcohols
such as ether or ethanol having
low surface tension and low
viscosity.
• This is useful for giving quick
responses to change in the angle.
Clinometer
Principle of Autocollimator
Principle of Autocollimator
Straightness Measurement of Machine
Guide-way
Test of straightness
Use of sine bar, when component is of small size
 Angle Dekkar

•Construction:
It consists of a microscope,
collimating (objective) lens and
two scales engraved on a glass
screen, placed in the focal plane of
objective lens.
One scale is horizontal datum
scale fixed across the centre of the
screen and is always visible in the
microscope eye-piece.
Continued…
Another scale is an illuminated vertical scale, which in normal
position, is outside the view of eyepiece and only its reflected
image is visible. The illuminated scale is projected as parallel
beam by collimating lens, which after striking the reflector
(workpiece) below the instrument is refocused on the lens in the
field of view of eyepiece.
The reflected image is illuminated and is received at right angles to
the fixed scale.
In this position, the two scales, horizontal and vertical intersect
each other. Thus, the reading on the illuminated scale measures the
vertical and horizontal angular deviations simultaneously.
In other words, changes in angular position of reflector in two
planes are indicated by changes in the intersection of two scales.
 
Eyepiece View of Angle Dekkar
• Working:
 Angle dekkor is capable of measuring small variations in the
angular setting i.e. determining the angular tilt.
 For measuring the angle of a component, the working principle
is the method of measurement by comparison.
 Thus, first of all, the angle gauge combination is set up to the
nearest angle of component and the angle dekkor is set, such
that, zero reading is obtained on the illuminating scale.
 The angle gauge build up is then removed and replaced by the
component under test. A straight edge is used to ensure that,
there is no change in lateral positions.
 The new positions of reflected (illuminated) scale with respect
to fixed scale gives the angular tilt of the component from set
angle.
Applications of Angle Dekkor:

In combination with angle gauges, it is used in:

(a) Measuring angle of a component.
(b) Angular setting of machines.
(c) Checking slope angles of V-blocks.
(d) Measuring angle of taper gauge.
 
Angular setting of machines.
Checking slope angles of V-blocks.
Measuring angle of taper gauge.
 Autocollimator
• It is a special form of telescope that is used to measure small
angles with a high degree of resolution. It is used for various
applications such as precision alignment, verification of angle
standards, and detection of angular movement, among others.
•It projects a beam of collimated light onto a reflector, which is
deflected by a small angle about the vertical plane. The light
reflected is magnified and focused on to an eyepiece or a
photo detector. The deflection between the beam and the
reflected beam is a measure of the angular tilt of the reflector.
Principle of Autocollimator
A plane mirror perpendicular to the optical axis serves the purpose of reflecting an image of the pattern back on to the
observation point. A viewing system is required to observe the relative position of the image of the cross-wires. This is
done in most of the autocollimators by means of a simple eyepiece. If rotation of the plane reflector by an angle θ
results in the displacement of the image by an amount d, then, d = 2fθ, where f is the focal length of the objective lens.

OO’=2XfXθ
• It is clear from this relationship that the sensitivity of an
autocollimator depends on the focal length of the objective
lens. The longer the focal length, the larger the linear
displacement for a given tilt of the plane reflector.
• However, the maximum reflector tilt that can be
accommodated is consequently reduced. Therefore, there is a
trade-off between sensitivity and measuring range.
• The instrument is so sensitive that air currents between the
optical path and the target mirror can cause fluctuations in the
readings obtained. This effect is more severe when the
distance between the two increases. Therefore, an
autocollimator is housed inside a sheet-metal or a PVC plastic
casing to ensure that air currents do not hamper measurement
accuracy.
Application

• Checking the straightness of machine guide ways is one

of the most frequent uses of an autocollimator. The
measurement set-up is shown in figure.
• The autocollimator is kept aligned with the guideway for
which straightness is to be determined. It is mounted on a
levelling base. The levelling base facilitates alignment of
the optical axis in line with the surface being measured. It
incorporates spring-loaded clamps and a circular bubble
level to help in perfect alignment.
• Markings can be made on the machine surface to step off
equal lengths by shifting the mirror carriage successively;
whenever the base of the carriage is not straight with respect
to the axis of the autocollimator, the mirror will have a small
tilt with respect to the optical axis of the autocollimator. This
results in the measurement of the tilt angle by the
autocollimator.
• In fact, the maximum deviation of the plot from the axis is a
measure of straightness. Thus, an autocollimator provides a
quick and accurate means for ascertaining straightness of a
guideway.
 Sine Bar
• A sine bar is used to measure angles based on the sine
principle. Its upper surface forms the hypotenuse of a
triangle formed by a steel bar terminating in a cylinder
near each end.
• When one of the cylinders, called a roller, is resting on a
flat surface, the bar can be set at any desired angle by
simply raising the second cylinder. The required angle is
obtained when the difference in height between the two
rollers is equal to the sine of the angle multiplied by the
distance between the centers of the rollers.
 Sine Bar
• Sine bars are made of corrosion-resistant steel, and are
hardened, ground, and stabilized.
• The size is specified by the distance between the centres of
the cylinders, which is 100, 200, or 300 mm. The upper
surface has a high degree of flatness of up to 0.001 mm for
a 100 mm length and is perfectly parallel to the axis
joining the centers of the two cylinders.
• The parallelism of upper surface with the datum line is of
the order of 0.001 mm for a 100 mm length. Relief holes
are sometimes provided to reduce the weight of the sine
bar.
When component is of small size:
• For checking the angle of component, of small size, the component is
placed and clamped over the top surface of sine bar, resting on
surface plate.
• Now, the slip gauges are inserted below one roller of sine bar, so that,
sine bar can be lifted and set to an angle approximately equal to
angle of component, which is to be measured.
• The slip gauges are inserted, till the upper surface of component
becomes parallel to the surface plate as shown in figure
• A dial gauge indicator is brought in contact with upper surface of
component at end .
Now the dial gauge indicator is moved towards the other end of
component in a straight line. If dial gauge indicator does not deviate
from zero reading during this travel, then it indicates that, component
is perfectly horizontal and truly parallel to surface plate. The angle of
component can be obtained from the geometry of figure.
When the component is of large size
Due to large size, the component is placed over the surface
plate and the sine bar is placed over the top surface of
component.
A vernier height gauge is mounted on the surface plate. A
dial gauge mounted on the vernier height gauge is used to
measure vertical height over each roller from the surface
plate.
If ‘h’ is the difference in the heights and ‘L’ is the distance
between the roller centres of the sine bar, then
 
 Sources of Errors
(a) Errors in distance between roller centres.
(b) Errors in equality in size of roller and cylindrical
accuracy in the form of the rollers.
(c) Errors in parallelism of roller axes with each other.
(d) Errors in parallelism between the gauging surface and
plane of roller axes.
(e) Errors in flatness of the top (upper) surface of the bar.
(f) Errors in slip gauge combination used for angle setting.
 Error in the Measurement
• The slip gauge combination (h) required to set angle (θ) is
given by,
• h = L sin θ
• The effect of Error in spacing of roller centres (dL) or Errors
in combination of slip gauges (dh) can be obtained by partial
differentiation of the above equation.
Error in the Measurement
 Error in the Measurement

The question often asked is about the maximum angle that can be
set using a sine bar. The standard response is 45°. At higher angles,
errors due to the distance between the centres of the rollers and
gauge blocks get magnified.