BIOENERGETICS

Yulia Suciati
 Krebs Cycle,
Electron Transport
and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
SIKLUS KREBS
 SIKLUS ASAM SITRAT

• Terjadi didalam matriks mitokondria

• Proses ini bersifat aerobik
• Fungsi utama siklus asam sitrat (siklus
krebs) a/ bekerja sbg lintasan akhir
bersama untuk oksidasi KH, Lipid,
Protein.
• Glukosa, as. Lemak, AA, dimetab. Mjd
asetil KoA atau senyawa antara di SAS.
FOSFORILASI OKSIDATIF
The figure is found at http://plaza.ufl.edu/tmullins/BCH3023/cell%20respiration.html (December 2006)
 Electron Transport Complexes

• 4 multiprotein complexes in mitochondrial IM

– NADH-CoQ (ubiquinone) oxidoreductase
– Succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase
– Ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
– Cytochrome c oxidase - reduction of O2
• Contain a variety of prosthetic groups, iron-sulfur clusters
• Some subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA
 NADH-CoQ (ubiquinone) oxidoreductase (complex I)

• 2 electrons passed from NADH, through

FMN, FeS intermediate electron carriers to
ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
• Ubiquinone - lipid soluble electron carrier
• Proton pumps transport 4 H+ from matrix to
intermembrane space per pair of electrons
• Spatial organization important - protons
used in reduction of ubiquinone come from
matrix
 Succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase (complex II)

• Succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase
– succinate dehydrogenase is a component
– No protons transported
– FAD, FeS serve as intermediate electron
carriers
 Ubiquinone-cytochrome c
oxidoreductase (complex III)

• Cytochrome c - peripheral protein,

electron carrier
• Cytochromes can only accept 1
electron at a time, resulting in Q cycle
• 2 H+ from 1st Q deposited in
intermembrane space,
1 e- to Cyt c, 1 e- to Qn
• 2 H+ from 2nd Q deposited
in intermembrane space,
1 e- to Cyt c, 1 e- to Qn
• Qn with 2 e- takes 2 H+
from matrix.
 Cytochrome c
oxidase

• catalyzes reduction of
molecular oxygen
• 13 subunits
• Four protons translocated for
each O2 reduced
• Accumulates 4 electrons (Cu+, Fe2+) for
complete reduction before releasing products
or toxic partially-reduced products
• O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+ --> 2 H2O occurs
in matrix, thus removing 4 H+
 inner mitochondrial
membrane

ATP synthase

The figure is found at http://plaza.ufl.edu/tmullins/BCH3023/cell%20respiration.html (December 2006)

 ATP Synthase

• ATP Synthase produces ATP

from ADP & Pi
• H+ passage causes conformational changes
(rotation) in F1, leading to release of ATP so
ADP can bind again
• about 3 protons per ATP must pass
through ATP synthase
The Big Picture
 small molecule shuttles

• molecules must be transported to and

from matrix
• ATP-ADP translocase exports ATP, imports ADP -
movement of more negative ATP from matrix
dissipates electrical potential across membrane,
weakening gradient by 1 H+.
• Phosphate translocase uses 1 H+.
• cytosolic NADH
– DHAP is reduced by NADH to
Glycerol-3-P in muscle
– Electrons passed through FAD to Q
– is less efficient, but allows transport
against large NADH gradient
 malate-aspartate shuttle

• malate-aspartate shuttle – used in heart, liver, kidney to

transfer cytosolic reducing equivalents to matrix
• No loss in ATP
generation (2.5 ATP
per pair of electrons)
 Malate – Aspartate Shuttle

• http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/emarcotte/ch339k/fall2005/Lecture-Ch19-2/Slide14.JPG
 Inhibitors

• Electron flow can be inhibited by

POISONS
• Useful in lab to control entry and
exit points for electron transport
studies
• Proton gradients are dissipated by
DNP & FCCP, inhibiting ATP
synthesis
• Thermogenin in “brown adipose
tissue” dissipates proton gradient
to
generate heat
 Uncoupling
proteins
(UCP)
= separate
RCH from ATP
synthesis
(the synthesis is
interrupted)

energy from H+
gradient is released
as a heat

The figure is found at http://departments.oxy.edu/biology/Franck/Bio222/Lectures/March23_lecture_shuttles.htm (December 2006)

SEMOGA BERMANFAAT
YS 2013