WAVES AND OPTICS

Objectives:
● Familiarize with the behavior of a wave upon  reaching
the end of a medium.
● Differentiate reflection,  refraction, and diffraction.
● Identify the characteristics  of constructive interference,
destructive  interference, and the principle of
superposition .
● Understand how the Doppler effect can be used to
determine whether objects are going nearer or farther
from a source.
 Introduction:
All waves behave in certain characteristic
ways. They can undergo refraction, reflection,
interference and diffraction. These basic
properties define the behavior of a wave –
anything that reflects, refracts, diffracts and
interferes is labelled a wave.
The behavior of a traveling wave upon
reaching the end of a medium is referred to
as boundary behavior. When one medium
ends, another medium begins; the interface
of the two media is referred to as the
boundary and the behavior of a wave at that
boundary is described as its boundary
behavior.
 REFRACTION:
Refraction is the change in direction of a
wave as it slows down.
Refraction is the bending of waves as it
passes from one medium to another.
 DIFFRACTION:
Diffraction is the spreading out of waves as they pass through
an aperture or around objects.
 REFLECTION:
The reflection of waves is defined as the abrupt change in the wave's
propagation direction after striking the interphase of the two distinct mediums. 
 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

 Wave interference is the

phenomenon that occurs when two
waves meet while traveling along the
same medium.
 The Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is the change in the
observed frequency of an
(electromagnetic) wave due to relative
motion of the source and observer.
STANDING WAVES
 Objectives:
 Differentiate the traveling  waves from the
standing  waves.
 Determine how standing  waves were formed.
 Identify the characteristics  of nodes and anti-nodes.
 Describe the frequencies  and their associated
wave  patterns.
 Determine the mathematics of standing  waves using
the length wavelength relationship.
 STANDING WAVES
A standing wave is the combination of two waves that
Standing
are moving in opposite waves are typically formed
directions.
in situations where a wave is bouncing back and forth
in an environment that produces
constructive interference.