Racing

Towards a
What is R32 new normal:
and its green growth
benefits
 Contents
• Ozone depletion
• Global warming
• Need to replace CFCs & HCFc, Timelines?
• Why R-32 ? Basic properties
• How is it better than R-410 A ?
• What are the other options?

2
The emphasis on green ideas is a global phenomenon. India as a
country is also encouraging green policy initiatives, which will benefit
its billion-plus population.
Our decision to choose India to produce HFC32 based products will
further strengthen our position as a green crusader in India and the
world.
 Ozone Layer
 Most ozone (about 90%) resides in a layer that begins
between 6 and 10 miles (10 and 17 kms) above the
Earth's surface and extends up to ~ 30 miles (50 kms)
 This region of the atmosphere is called the stratosphere
 Stratospheric ozone (sometimes referred to as "good
ozone") plays a beneficial role by absorbing most of the
biologically damaging ultraviolet sunlight (called UV-B),
allowing only a small amount to reach the Earth's surface
 Urgent environment issues

Ozone depletion Global Warming

Ozone hole
 Environmental issues – Ozone depletion
1. Ozone is a tri-atomic molecule of Oxygen (O3) which is present in
upper layers of our mother Earth

2. It protects human beings, horticulture and aquatic animals from

harmful Ultra Violet (UV-B) rays coming from Sun
 Environmental issues – Ozone depletion

Refrigerants (CFCs & HCFCs) which contain Chlorine, if leaked from

air-conditioner, damage the ozone layer

This phenomenon is called Ozone Depletion and the potential of

various refrigerants to deplete the ozone is measured by the term
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
 Environmental issues – Ozone depletion

CFCs & HCFCs HFCs

Hydro-Floro-Carbons

R-11 R-12 R-22 R-410A R-32

Contains Chlorine No Chlorine

Damage to Ozone layer

Ozone Friendly
CCl3F CCl2F2 CHClF2 {CH2F2 + C2HF5} CH2F2
 Environmental issues – Global warming
Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface
temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon
dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation,
which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth

Global warming.MP4
 Key Environment concerns

 In 100 years, earth’s mean

surface temperature has
increased by 0.99 ͦ C

 It is expected to continue this

tendency

1917 2016
 Key Environment concerns
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas, which is released
through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural
processes such as respiration and volcanic eruptions

 Since 2005 CO ₂ levels has been increased from 378.21 ppm to 406.69 PPM in 2017

2005 2017
 Environmental issues – greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's
surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere,
some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-
radiated by greenhouse gases
 Environmental issues – global warming
As a result of global warming, a worldwide rise in sea level is observed.
So, the low-lying areas are at a risk of submergence under water
 Impact of Global warming
According to recent studies, Maldives, a collection of islands and a
famous tourist place, would be under water by 2050.
Place Height from sea
level

Mumbai 20.13 m

Chennai 1.52 m

Vizag 9.3 m

Porbandar 6.05 m

Puri 8.17 m

Bangkok 8.83 m

Singapore 23.38 m

Maldives 2.4 m
 Which is our way ?
Montreal (Canada) Kyoto Protocol
Protocol CO2 reduction road
Non ODS road (Low GWP)

?
 Factors to consider while making a choice

Energy resources Peak Load

Climate Change Safety

Ozone Protection
High efficiency High COP Affordability

Lower GWP Low Toxic

CFC Phase-out Compact/Light

Reduced charge No/Low Flammable

Economy of scale :
HCFC Phase-out global solutions

Low Emissions Reliable

Easy Install/Maintenance

Next generation Efficient use

refrigerants of natural resources
(do more with less)
 Refrigerant summary

Refrigerant
Properties
Vol. Cool. Theoretical
Pcond GWP
Capacity COP ODP
(MPa) (IPCC4th ）
(vs R22) (vs R22)

R22 Single 1.73 100 100 0.05 1810

R407C Zeotrope 1.86 102 99 0 1770

R410A Azeotrope 2.72 141 92 0 2090

HFC

R32 Single 2.80 160 97 0 675

R1234yf Single 1.16 57 90 0 4

HFO-Mix Zeotrope ？ ？ ？ 0 ？

R717(NH3) Single 1.78 116 106 0 0

Non-HFC

R290 （ Propane ） Single 1.53 83 98 0 <3

R744 （ CO2 ） Single 10 243 41 0 1

Candidates for the next generation working fluids

The solution : R-32
Daikin India introduced
R-32 in India in the year
2012 as a next
generation refrigerant
 Refrigerant evaluation
SEER Comparison (cooling mode) Peak power comparison
- 3.5kW- Room AC in Europe (R410A ratio) under cooling condition
Outside 35°C, room 27°CDB/19° CWB

R22
R22 (1.14kg) R22

HFO1234yf (1.32single(*2）
1234yf kg) *2 1234yf single(*2）

R32 (0.84kg) *1
R32(*1) R32(*1)

R290（*3） If IEC is disregarded,

Propane (0.37kg) *3 R290（*3）
the charge volume is
0.58kg, and SEER
CO2(*4)
CO2 (0.84Kg) *4 could be same as CO2(*4)
R22
R410A (1.2kg)
R410A R410A

0.7
0.7 0.8
0.8 0.9
0.9 1.0
1.0 1.1
1.1 0.7
0.7 1.0
1.0 1.3
1.3

Efficiency ratio Power ratio

In the peak power under cooling conditions
In terms of SEER, R32 is best a) R32 is better than R22 & R410A.
and CO2 is the worst. b) HFO and CO2 will cause peak power
problems in large cities.
*Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
 Properties of R32 vis-à-vis 410 A
• Potential of Refrigeration capacity of R-32 :1.6 times of R410A
• Lower pressure loss, when capacity is same, leads to thinner piping diameter
• Higher coefficient of heat transfer compared to R410A
• Charge volume reduction
• Liquid density 90% of R410A
• volume reduction → totally 30% reduction against R410A

Refrigeration Cycle
Molear Chart

R410A Capacity

R32 Capacity (1.6 times)

 Reduction in GWP – R32
R 32 has the benefits of favorable GWP and reduced charge size

GWP Charge ratio % Modified GWP

2500 120
2500
100
2000 2000
80
1500 1500
2090 60
100 97
1000 1810 40 1000 1810
70
2027
500 20 500
675
0
472
0 0

2
2

2
2

A
0A

R2
R3

R3
R2

10
1

R4
R4

R32 can reduce

CO2 eq. emissions by 75%
*GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.
 High ambient performance
R32 – R410A Comparison test in high ambient conditions
 Test conditions

• Test Unit: FTXL35G2V1B + RXL35G3V1B

 3.5Kw (12,000Btu/h) class single split unit (Wall mounted type IDU)
• Indoor temperature: 26.7 DB / 19.4 WB (=80 / 67⁰F )
** EN / JPN standard condition is 27 DB /19 WB

• Outdoor temperature: 35 °C DB ~ 48, 52, 54, 58 CDB/-

• Pipe length: 5m
• Refrigerant amount: R410A1700g,
•R321450g (85% of R410A)
• Compressor speed: R410A  44Hz, R32  44Hz
• Opening pulses of expansion valve:
 35DB: Same pulses both for R410A and R32. (drop in)
48 ~ 58DB: Adjusted to be the maximum cooling capacity
 R32 – R410A comparison test
Cooling CapacityCooling standard ~ high ambient condition
3950

R32
3800
R410A
3650
R22
3.435W
3500
3,396W
3350

3200
3,131W
〔W〕

3050 3.435W

2900

2,729W
2750

2600

2450
35℃ 48℃ 52℃ 54℃ 58℃
2300 R410A 3,799 3,131 2,929 2,622 2,281
2,281W
2150
R32 3,825 3,396 3,233 3,024 2,729
R32/R410A (%) 100.7% 108.5% 110.4% 115.3% 119.6%
2000
35 40 45 〔℃〕 50 55 60
 R32 – R410A comparison test
COP Cooling standard ~ high ambient condition
4.750

4.500 R32
R410A
4.250

4.000

3.750

3.500

3.250

3.000 2.903

2.750

2.500 2.640

2.250

2.000 1.822
1.750 35℃ 48℃ 52℃ 54℃ 58℃
1.500 R410A 4.15 2.64 2.31 2.00 1.50
1.502
R32 4.39 2.90 2.60 2.16 1.82
1.250
R32/R410A (%) 105.6% 109.9% 112.4% 108.4% 121.3%
1.000
35 40 45 50 55 60
〔℃〕
 Benefits of using R-32(HFC32)
• ~1.6 times more cooling compared to R410A
• ~5% more power savings compared to 410A
• ~ 30% less refrigerant charging volume as compared to R410A & R-
22
• Better performance at higher temperatures as compared to R-22
(Low derating)
• R-32 has lower modified GWP of 472 as compared to R – 410A’s
modified GWP of 2027 and R-22’s 1810
• R-32 is a single component refrigerant which makes it easy to recycle
• ODP is zero and hence the environmental impact
• The liquid density of R-32 is 10% lower, hence the piping diameter
can be lower

25
 Advantage
HFC32

Zero ozone depletion potential

Hydro
fluorocarbon 32 Small Global Warming Impact (Life Cycle
(HFC 32) is a next- Climate Performance) – 1/3rd of HFC410A
generation Refrigerant charge Quantity – 30% less than
refrigerant offering HFC410A thus further reduction in GWP (675 -
the following < 472)
advantages: Small Conversion Cost (almost same as
conversion to HFC410A)
 Flammability issue of refrigerants
• Trade off relation between GWP and Flammability
• Unavoidable physical and chemical phenomenon

GWP Flammability
 Risk tradeoff of refrigerants

Flammability
Hydrogen
Toxicity
F
R32
C F

Chlorine Fluorine
Ozone depletion
Global warming
 Comprehensive comparison
Ozone
Ozone
5

4
R32 is HFO1234yf
the Most Balanced 3

2
Economy
Economy LCCP
LCCP
1

0
R32

R410A Propane

Characteristics of R32 Safety Energy

EnergyEfficiency
Safety
•Zero ODP Efficiency
•Superior Energy Efficiency (10% better than R22)
•Less Global Warming Impact (LCCP)
•Less Conversion Cost (almost same as conversion to R410A)
•Supply capability is sufficient (Suppliers exist now)
•Acceptably Flammable (Class A2L)
 Safety comparison
Consideration of 2L classification by ASHRAE and ISO

Class 1 Class 2L Class2 Class3

Class No Slightly Flammable Low Higher
Flammable Burning Velocity (≤ 10 cm/s) Flammable Flammable

R744(CO2) R32
R1234yf R 290
Example R410A
R717 (Ammonia) - (highly chronic
R152a
Propane
R22 toxic)

The burning velocity (<10cm/s) is too slow to cause horizontal flame

propagation. Evaluated after long discussion in ASHRAE

Flammability of 2L refrigerants is very low.