Harvard Referencing

Some Common Terms

An Introduction to Referencing

• When you are writing a piece of work and use someone else's words or ideas you must
reference them.

• This means that you need to include detailed information on all sources consulted, both
within your text (in-text citations) and at the end of your work (reference list or
bibliography).

• Therefore, Referencing is an acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written
material belonging to other authors in your own work.
Importance of Referencing
Referencing:

 Is crucial to successful research.

 Helps the reader to find the original source if they wish.
 Improves your writing skills.
 Adds authenticity to your argument.
 Shows that you have read widely.
 Can help you get better marks.
 It is moral and ethical. Plagiarism and infringement of copyright is treated as crime.
 It is easy to locate further reading

Tip: ***For good referencing it is key to get into the habit of noting sources as
you work since academic work is based largely on previously published data
When to reference

• All statements, • This applies whether

opinions, conclusions, the work is quoted,
theory paraphrased or
(and its applications) summarised.
taken from another • So Basically, you can
writer’s work must be • Quote
referenced.
• Paraprhase
• Summarise
 State True or false if we should
reference

• You include information • You copy a paragraph

that is common from a textbook.
knowledge.

• Should you reference? • Should you reference?

 When to reference?

• You give your own • You write in your own

opinion. words about another
person’s argument.
Should you reference? Should You Reference?

• You include a diagram

from an online journal.

Should you reference?

 Plagiarism involves deliberately or
inadvertently presenting someone
else's ideas as your own. It is cheating.

What is It doesn't just apply to direct

quotations but summarised and
Plagiarism? paraphrased argument too.

Plagiarism is treated very seriously

and usually results in disciplinary
action
 Plagiarism
• Plagiarism involves deliberately or inadvertently presenting someone
else's ideas as your own.
• Retake / Resit of the module

It is cheating.
• It includes the following
– Using published work without referencing (most common)
– Copying coursework essays
– Collaborating when the work is supposed to be individual
– Taking another student's computer file/programme
– Submitting another person's work as one's own
– The use of unacknowledged material published on the web and
purchase of model assignments from whatever source.
Types of Plagiarism

•Source:
https://www.scribbr.co
m/plagiarism/types-of-
plagiarism/
 Situations arising to plagiarism
State True or false

1. If you forgot to include 3. When making notes, you

quotation marks for a direct forgot to write down a
quote, it is still plagiarism. reference. You can’t find the
original source so decide to
make up a citation, but this is
2. You cut and paste a section not plagiarism.
from an assignment you wrote
for a previous module. This is
your own work so can’t be
plagiarism.
 Situations arising to plagiarism
4. You include a 5. Copying a diagram from a
commonly known fact or website while providing a
statement in your reference for the source
assignment and do not underneath is plagiarism.
provide a reference. This 6. It is not plagiarism if you
is plagiarism. copy words from a book into
your own work, but include
quotation marks and a
citation.
 Harvard Referencing System
Two parts:
Harvard Referencing includes two main parts:
 A citation within the text of your assignment (In-text referencing)
A list of references at the end of your assignment(References and
Bibliography)
How Do We Reference?

Source: Canterbury Christ

Church University
Paraphrasing
You paraphrase when you change the information read into your own words without changing the original meaning.

Why paraphrase?
•It shows that you understand what the writer is saying
•It makes it easier to build you own argument. For example, you can use what someone else says as evidence or an example to support
what you want to say
•It fits more easily with your own writing style

Example:

Original: Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that as lateness declines the levels of stress experienced by
employees also decline.

Paraphrased reference: There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is beneficial to employers because employees are more
punctual and appear to suffer less from stress (Smith, 2018).
 Intext Referencing
Intext means we quote name of author/s in our assignment
showing given definitions,views,idea,theory,etc is propounded by
them.We give due credit.

• E.g: Author’s name and date of publication

• Stewart (1986) says that …….
• For 2 co-authors :Clanchy and Ballard (1992)offer good
advice in asserting that
• For more than 2 co-authors: the first is given followed by “et
al”, e.g. Atkinson et al(1993) devote considerable attention to
BOOK ON SKILLS FOR SUCCESS

Year =2010
AUTHOR :STELLA COTTRELL
PUBLISHER :PALGRAVE
MACMILLAN
TITLE:SKILLS FOR SUCCESS
 Example :In Text Referencing
1)Excellent study skills are fundamental to academic
success (Cottrell, 2010, p. 19)

2 Cottrell (2010, p. 19) argues that excellent study skills

are fundamental to academic success.

3)“The importance of academic skills should not be

underestimated” (Cottrell, 2010, p. 19)
This is case of Direct Quotation
Things to note
When the author’s name is part of the sentence, it does NOT go inside the brackets because it
becomes the subject of your sentence.

1. It is necessary to read research papers critically. In this regard, Walker (2019) emphasizes the
importance of understanding the methodology employed by researchers in their studies.

2. It is important to understand the methodology that researchers use in their studies (Walker,
2019).
More than one author
Up to three authors: include all the names, in the order they are listed.

For example:
A sound business plan is essential to the success of every business (Morson and Child, 2010).

Morson, Child and Smith (2010) state that most single pets live in privileged circumstances.

More than three authors: give only the first author followed by et al. For example:

Worth et al. (2013) suggest that top CEOs agree income could be raised to 50% on earnings over £100,000.
Despite technological advances, radio production is less sophisticated than in the past (Howard et al.,
2015).

Give ALL the names in your reference list:

Howard, C., Smith, T., Jones, L. and Brown, N. (2015) Enemies and Friends. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Secondary Referencing
• This is a sentence in a book by Grey (2016, p.9):
‘According to Brown’s (2015) study, middle managers feel more stressed than those in higher
positions’.

• You want to use Brown’s information but you have only read Grey’s book:

• In your essay:
There is evidence that stress is a greater problem for middle managers than for senior managers
(Brown, 2015, cited in Grey, 2016, p.9).

• In your list of references:

You cannot include Brown because you have not read this author – you can only have Grey in your list.
Reference list - example
Brown, R. (2020) ‘Importance of Culture’, in Johnson, M. and Chapter
Byrne, M. (eds.) Globalization and Social Order. London: Sage
Publications, pp. 250-300.

Prasad, S. (2019) ‘Reforms in Education’, The Times of India, 21 June, p. Newspaper

3.

Investopedia (1999) Brand Management. Available at:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brand-management.asp
(Accessed: 16th August 2021). Website
 Reference list - example
Abber, C. and Smith, T. (2016) Research study Book
methodology. Dover: Dover University Press.

Wharton, C., Pail, R. and Crumb, F. (2018)

Journal
‘Why businesses fail’, Business Review, 7 (10),
pp. 160-172.

National Health Service (2019) Symptoms.

Website
Available at:
www.nhs.uk/livewell/symptoms.aspx
(Accessed: 02 July 2017).
 Reference list - Exercise
Look carefully at the information given about each item in this list of references. Can you
identify what kind of source each one is?
Website Journal Newspaper article Chapter in a book Book

1. Barton, K. (2012) People in paintings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2. Baxter, F. (2015) ‘Consumer chemistry’, Journal of Chemistry Education, 65 (3), pp. 206-
219.

3. Ellis, P. (2017) ‘The ability to think critically’, in Barlow, G. and Freid, R. (eds.) Thinking
skills: How can we teach them? New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 197-211.

4. Hopper, C. (2014) ‘Legal Lingo’, The Times, 24 August, p. 25.

5. Oxfam (2018) E.ON shelves Kingsnorth. Available at:
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get_involved/campaign/impact/kingsnorth.html (Accessed: 15
October 2018).
 Answer
1. Barton, K. (2012) People in paintings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Book

2. Baxter, F. (2015) ‘Consumer chemistry’, Journal of Chemistry Education, 65 (3), Journal

pp. 206-219.

3. Ellis, P. (2017) ‘The ability to think critically’, in Barlow, G. and Freid, R. (eds.) Chapter
Thinking skills: How can we teach them? New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 197-211.

4. Hopper, C. (2014) ‘Legal Lingo’, The Times, 24 August, p. 25. Newspaper

Website
5. Oxfam (2018) E.ON shelves Kingsnorth. Available at:
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get_involved/campaign/impact/kingsnorth.html
(Accessed: 15 October 2018).
 Bibliography

 LIST OF SOURCES READ FOR

UNDERSTANDING BUT NOT USED
FOR SUMMARISING,PARAPHRASING
& QUOTING.
 Academic Sources
Academic

• All textbooks, essential and

reference a slisted on canvas
• Academic Journals
• Harvard Business Review
• Forbes
• Guardian
• Company Websites, Company
Financial REports
• Trade Magazines, Blogs, News
Articles
 Non academic Sources
Non-Academic ( Never)
• UK essays, scribd, academia.edu
• Marketing 91, mba skool,
• Slideshare
• Ivypanda
• Any university essay from any site
• Bartleby essay
• 123helpme
• Example essay
• Elite essaywriter
• freepaper
 Summary
• Journal Articles: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number),
Page numbers. E.g: Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times,
97(22), p.63-64.

• Newspaper Articles: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page
numbers of article. E.g: Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep.
p.4-5.

• Journal Articles from E source: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume
number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if availalble. Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform
Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source. N.B.
the URL should be underlined [Accessed date]
• E.g: Wright, A. & Cottee, P., 2000. Consumer understanding of US and EU nutrition labels. British Food Journal
[Online] 103 (8), p. 615-629. Emerald. Available at: http://www.emerald-library.com [accessed 8 September 2001]

• Internet: Author, Initials., Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium].

Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the
routing from the home page of the source. N.B. the URL should be underlined [Accessed date]
E.g: National electronic Library for Health. 2003. Can walking make you slimmer and healthier? (Hitting the headlines
article) [Online]. (Updated 16 Jan 2005) Available at: http://www.nhs.uk.hth.walking [accessed 10 April 2005]
THANK YOU!