FOUNDATION OF

INCLUSIVE AND
SPECIAL EDUCATION
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 HISTORICAL/ SOCIOLOGICAL
BASES
Convention on the Rights of the Child
• The UNCRC consists of 54 articles that set out children’s
rights and how governments should work together to make
them available to all children.
• Under the terms of the convention, governments are required
to meet children’s basic needs and help them reach their full
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potential.
• 196 countries.
 PART I
ARTICLE 1
• Child – below 18
ARTICLE 2
• Respect child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour,
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or
social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.
• Child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment
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on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of

the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.
 PART I
ARTICLE 3
• Best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
• Parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for the
child.
• Institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of
children shall conform with the standards.
ARTICLE 5
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• Respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where

applicable, the members of the extended family or community.
 PART I
ARTICLE 6
• Child has the inherent right to life.
ARTICLE 7
• The child shall be registered immediately after birth, right to a name,
nationality, know and be cared for by parents.
ARTICLE 8
• Respect the right of the child to preserve identity, including nationality, name
and family relations.
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• When a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her
identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection.
 PART I
ARTICLE 9
• A child shall not be separated from his or her parents
against their will, except when necessary for the best
interests of the child.
• Respect the right of the child who is separated from one or
both parents to maintain personal relations and direct
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contact except if it is contrary to the child's best

interests.
 PART I
ARTICLE 13
• Right to freedom of expression
ARTICLE 14
• Right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion
ARTICLE 15
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• Rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of

peaceful assembly
 PART I
ARTICLE 16
• Right to the protection of the law against interference or attacks.
ARTICLE 17
• Ensure that the child has access to information and material from a
diversity of national and international sources
ARTICLE 18
• Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary
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responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child.

 PART I
ARTICLE 19
• Protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence,
injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or
exploitation.
ARTICLE 20
• A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family
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environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance

provided by the State.
 PART I
ARTICLE 21
• Adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child.
• The adoption of a child is authorized only by competent
authorities.
• Inter-country adoption may be considered.
• Child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and
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standards.
• The placement does not result in improper financial gain.
 PART I
ARTICLE 22
• A child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee,
receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance.
ARTICLE 23
• A mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life.
ARTICLE 24
• Right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
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health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of

health.
 PART I
ARTICLE 25
• Right of a child to a periodic review of treatment
ARTICLE 26
• Right to benefit from social security
ARTICLE 27
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• Right of every child to a standard of living

 PART I
ARTICLE 28
• Right of the child to education
ARTICLE 30
• A child belonging to a minority or who is
indigenous shall not be denied the right to enjoy his
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or her own culture, to profess and practice own

religion, or to use own language.
 PART I
ARTICLE 31
• Right of the child to rest and leisure
ARTICLE 32
• Right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from
performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the
child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical,
mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
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ARTICLE 34
• Protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse
 HISTORICAL/ SOCIOLOGICAL
BASES

WORLD CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION FOR ALL

• ‘Expanded vision of learning‘
• To universalize primary education and massively reduce
illiteracy by the end of the decade
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 HISTORICAL/ SOCIOLOGICAL
BASES
6 KEY EDUCATION GOALS OF EFA
a. Expand and improve comprehensive early childhood care
and education, especially for the most vulnerable and
disadvantaged children.
b. Ensure that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, those in
difficult circumstances, and those belonging to ethnic
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minorities, have access to and complete, free and

compulsory primary education of good quality.
 HISTORICAL/ SOCIOLOGICAL
BASES
6 KEY EDUCATION GOALS OF EFA
c. Ensure that the learning needs of all young people and
adults are met through equitable access to appropriate
learning and life-skills programmes.
d. Achieve a 50% improvement in adult literacy by 2015,
especially for women, and equitable access to basic and
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continuing education for all adults.

 HISTORICAL/ SOCIOLOGICAL
BASES
6 KEY EDUCATION GOALS OF EFA
e. Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education by
2005, and achieve gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus
on ensuring girls' full and equal access to and achievement in basic
education of good quality.
f. Improve all aspects of the quality of education and ensure the
excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes
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are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life

skills.
 References

• Convention on the Rights of the Child https://

www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child

• Education for All (EFA) http://

www.ibe.unesco.org/en/glossary-curriculum-terminology/e/education-all-efa
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