MATERIALS

DEVELOPMENT
PRELIM
 MATERIALS
DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 2
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS
ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION BY
STEPHEN KRASHEN
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

STEHPEN KRASHEN
1. THE ACQUISITION-LEARNING
DISTINCTION
• Acquisition – “picking-up” a language
• Learning – “knowing about” a language
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

2. THE NATURAL ORDER HYPOTHESIS

• Brown (1973) reported that children acquiring
English as a first language tended to acquire
certain grammatical morphemes, or functions
words, earlier than others.
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
ING (progressive)
“AVERAGE” PLURAL
ORDER OF COPULA (“to be”)
ACQUISITION OF AUXILIARY (progressive, as in “he is
GRAMMATICAL going”)
MORPHEMES FOR ARTICLE (a, the)
ENGLISH AS A
IRREGULAR PAST
SECOND
LANGUAGE REGULAR PAST
(CHILDREN AND III SINGULAR -s
ADULTS) POSSESIVE -s
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
3. THE MONITOR HYPOTHESIS
• Acquisition – "initiates" utterances, responsible for
fluency
• Learning – monitor or edit
• Conditions:
 Time
 Focus on form
 Know the rule
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

• Individual variation on Monitor use:

 Monitor over-users
 Monitor under-users
 Optimal Monitor user
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

4. THE INPUT HYPOTHESIS

• The input hypothesis relates to acquisition, not
learning.
• We acquire by understanding language that
contains structure a little beyond our current
level of competence (i + 1).
 FIVE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

5. AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS

• High motivation, self-confidence, a good self-
image, a low level of anxiety and extroversion,
success in second language acquisition.
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS BY BRIAN
TOMLINSON
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should achieve impact.
 Materials can achieve impact through:
a. Novelty
b. Variety
c. Attractive presentation
d. Appealing content
e. Achievable challenge
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should help learners to feel at
ease.
 Materials that help learners feel at ease:
a. materials with lots of white space
b. can relate to their own culture
c. trying to help them to learn
 Voice
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should help learners to develop
confidence.
 What is being taught should be perceived by
learners as relevant and useful.
 Materials should require and facilitate
learner self-investment.
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Learners must be ready to acquire the points
being taught.
 Materials should expose the learners to
language in authentic use.
 The learners’ attention should be drawn to
linguistic features of the input.
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should provide the learners with
opportunities to use the target language to achieve
communicative purposes.
 Interaction can be achieved through:
a. information or opinion gap activities
b. post-listening and post-reading activities
c. creative writing and creative speaking activities
d. formal instruction given in the target language
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS

 Materials should take into account that

the positive effects of instruction are
usually delayed.
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should take into account that learners
differ in learning styles.
 Styles of learning:
a. Visual f. Analytic
b. Auditory g. Global
c. Kinesthetic h. Dependent
d. Studial i. Independent
e. Experiential
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS

 Materials should take into account that

learners differ in affective attitudes.
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should permit a silent period at the
beginning of instruction.
 Ways of giving learners the possibility of not speaking
until they are ready include:
a. Total Physical Response (TPR) approach
b. listening comprehension approach
c. respond by using their first language or through
drawings and gestures.
 PRINCIPLES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
RELEVANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MATERIALS
 Materials should maximize learning potential by
encouraging intellectual, aesthetic and emotional
involvement which stimulates both right- and left-
brain activities.
 Materials should not rely too much on controlled
practice.
 Materials should provide opportunities for outcome
feedback.
THANK
YOU!