Sigmund Freud

May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939

Founder of Psychoanalysis

By : Group 4
 HISTORY
• Sigmund Freud was born to Ashkenazi Jewish parents in the Moravian
 town of Freiberg,in the Austrian Empirethe first of eight children. Both of
his parents were from Galicia, a historic province straddling modern-day 
West Ukraine and southeast Poland. His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896),
a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–
1911), by his first marriage. Jakob's family were Hasidic Jews and,
although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be
known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia Nathansohn,
who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi 
Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855.They were struggling financially
and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117
when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his
mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future.
• Austrian neuropsychologist, founder of psychoanalysis,
and one of the major intellectual figures of the 20th
century.
Freud collaborated with the physician Josef Breuer
(1842–1925) in further studies on hysteria, resulting in
the development of some key psychoanalytic concepts
and techniques, including free association, the
unconscious, resistance (later defense mechanisms),
and neurosis. In 1899 he published The Interpretation
of Dreams, in which he analyzed the complex symbolic
processes underlying dream formation: he proposed
that dreams are the disguised expression of
unconscious
• Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to
study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his
studies included philosophy under Franz Brentano, physiology under 
Ernst Brücke, and zoology under Darwinist professor Carl Claus. In 1876,
Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in Trieste,
dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male
reproductive organs. In 1877, Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology
laboratory where he spent six years comparing the brains of humans and
other vertebrates with those of frogs and invertebrates such as crayfish
 and lampreys. His research work on the biology of nervous tissue proved
seminal for the subsequent discovery of the neuron in the 1890s. Freud's
research work was interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to undertake a
year's compulsory military service. The lengthy downtimes enabled him
to complete a commission to translate four essays from John Stuart Mill's
collected works. He graduated with an MD in March 1881.
 THE PARENTS OF SIGMUND FREUD

 Amalia
Nathansohn

Jakob Freud
Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's
house, Freiberg, Austrian Empire

caul birth is a rare event where a baby is born still

inside an intact amniotic sac. The sac balloons out
at birth, with the child remaining inside of the
unbroken or partially broken membrane.
 Early career
In 1882, Freud began his medical career at Vienna General Hospital. His research work in cerebral
anatomy led to the publication in 1884 of an influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine, and
his work on aphasia would form the basis of his first book On Aphasia: A Critical Study, published in
1891. Over a three-year period, Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His time spent
in Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic and as a locum in a local asylum led to an increased interest in
clinical work. His substantial body of published research led to his appointment as a university lecturer
or docent in neuropathology in 1885, a non-salaried post but one which entitled him to give lectures
at the University of Vienna.[

Aphasia is an inability to
comprehend or formulate
language because of damage
to specific brain regions. The
major causes are stroke and
head trauma

 Vienna General Hospital

 In 1886, Freud resigned his hospital post and entered private practice
specializing in "nervous disorders". The same year he married Martha
Bernays, the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a chief rabbi in Hamburg. Freud
was, as an atheist, dismayed at the requirement in Austria for a Jewish
religious ceremony and briefly considered, before dismissing, the prospect of
joining the Protestant 'Confession' to avoid one. In the event a civil ceremony
took place on 13 September and a religious ceremony the following day with
Freud having been hastily tutored in the Hebrew prayers. The Freuds had six
children: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), Ernst (b.
1892), Sophie (b. 1893), and Anna (b. 1895). From 1891 until they left Vienna
in 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at Berggasse 19, near 
Innere Stadt, a historical district of Vienna.
Martha Bernays
 Development of psychoanalysis
• In October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a three-month fellowship to study
with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurologist who was conducting
scientific research into hypnosis. He was later to recall the experience of
this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical
psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in
neurology research. Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and
susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients
on stage in front of an audience.

 Jean-Martin Charcot
was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology

Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention

 Freudian Theory
• The psychoanalytic approach to adult personality
development has its roots in the theories of Sigmund
Freud. His theories encompassed four domains—level of
consciousness, personality structure, defense mechanisms,
and stages of psychosexual development.Freudian
theory postulates that adult personality is made up of
three aspects: (1) the id (2) the ego (3) the superego.The
interplay of these personality structures generates anxiety
that must be reduced through various defense
mechanisms. These mechanisms act to obscure the true,
anxiety-laden reasons for one's behavior.
 When Does the Id Emerge?
• Freud compared personality to an iceberg. What you see above the water
is actually just a tiny piece of the entire iceberg, most of which is hidden
under the water. The tip of the iceberg above the water represents
conscious awareness.
• The bulk of the iceberg below the water symbolizes the unconscious mind
where all of the hidden desires, thoughts, and memories exist. It is in the
unconscious mind that the id resides.
The id is the only part of the personality that is present at birth, according to
Freud. He also suggested that this primitive component of personality
existed wholly within the unconscious. The id acts as the driving force of
personality. It not only strives to fulfill the most basic urges that people
have, many of which are tied directly to survival, it also provides all
 of the energy necessary to drive personality
 How the Id Operates

• The id acts according to the pleasure principle, which is the idea that needs
should be met immediately. When you are hungry, the pleasure principle directs
you to eat. When you are thirsty, it motivates you to drink. But of course, you
can't always satisfy your urges right away. Sometimes you need to wait until the
right moment or until you have access to the things that will fulfill your needs.
• When you are unable to satisfy a need immediately, tension results. The id relies
on the primary process to temporarily relieve the tension. The primary process
involves creating a mental image through daydreaming, fantasizing,
hallucinating, or some other process. For example, when you are thirsty, you
might start fantasizing about a tall, cold glass of ice water.
• When you are hungry, you might start thinking about ordering your favorite dish
from your favorite restaurant. By doing this, you are able to cope with the
tension created by the id's urges until you are realistically able to satisfy those
needs.
 EXAMPLES OF id
• Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to
refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and
drank from Mr. Smith's water glass, much to his surprise.
• A hungry baby cried until he was fed.
• A toddler who wanted another helping of dessert
whined incessantly until she was given another serving.
• In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry that she
shoved a handful of croutons in her mouth as she
waited for the line to move.
 Ego as the Rational Part of Personality
• According to Sigmund Freud, the ego is part of personality that
mediates the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Freud
described the id as the most basic part of personality that urges
people to fulfill their most primal needs. The superego, on the other
hand, is the moralistic part of personality that forms later in childhood
as a result of upbringing and social influences. It is the ego's job to
strike a balance between these two often competing for forces and to
make sure that fulfilling the needs of the id and superego conforms to
the demands of reality.The ego prevents us from acting on our basic
urges (created by the id) but also works to achieve a balance with our
moral and idealistic standards (created by the superego). While the
ego operates in both the preconscious and conscious, its strong ties to
the id means that it also operates in the unconscious.
 EXAMPLES OF EGO
• Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill
her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really
just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith's glass.

• In line at the salad bar, Amy really wanted to shove a handful of croutons into
her mouth. However, since her boss was there, she decided to wait another
minute or two until she sat down to eat.

• Mary really wanted to borrow her mom's necklace, but knew her mom would be
angry if she took it without asking, so she asked her mom if she could wear it.

• Hillary was so sweaty after her workout that she wanted to change her clothes
right there by the car. However, she knew the other people around her would
not approve, so she waited until she was in the restroom to change.
Understanding the Role of Freud's Superego

• According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of

personality, the superego is the component of personality
composed of the internalized ideals that we have acquired
from our parents and society. The superego works to
suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave
morally, rather than realistically.
• In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the superego
is the last component of personality to develop. The id is the
basic, primal part of personality; it is present from birth. The
ego begins to develop during the first three years of a child's
life. Finally, the superego starts to emerge around age five.
 Parts of the Superego

• In psychology, the superego can be further divided into two components: the ego ideal
and the conscience (which may be more familiar as a concept).
The Ego Ideal
• The ego ideal is the part of the superego that includes the rules and standards for good
behaviors. These behaviors include those that are approved of by parental and other
authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value, and
accomplishment. Breaking these rules can result in feelings of guilt.
• The ego ideal is often thought of as the image we have of our ideal selves—the people
we want to become. It is this image of the ideal individual, often modeled after people
that we know, that we hold up as the standard of who we are striving to be.

The Conscience
• The conscience is composed of the rules for which behaviors are considered bad. When
we engage in actions that conform to the ego ideal, we feel good about ourselves or
proud of our accomplishments. When we do things that our conscience considers bad,
we experience feelings of guilt.
 EXAMPLES OF SUPEREGO
• Sarah knew she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know
about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to
take anything even though she would probably never get caught.

• The cashier only charged the couple for one meal even though they had eaten
two. They could have gotten away with only paying for one, but they pointed
out the cashier's mistake and offered to pay for both meals. They wanted to be
honest and they knew that the restaurant owner and employees needed to
make a living.

• On the playground, two kids were making fun of Joseph because he wore
glasses. John was tempted to join in so that he could make himself look good,
but when he thought about how bad Joseph must already feel, he knew that
he couldn't.
 What Is the Electra Complex?
• Definition
The Electra complex is a term used to describe the female version of the Oedipus complex.
It involves a girl, aged between 3 and 6, becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her
father and increasingly hostile toward her mother.
• Sigmund Freud, who developed the Oedipus complex theory, first developed the idea
that a young girl child competes with her mother for the sexual attention of her father.
• However, it was Carl Jung — Freud’s contemporary — who first called this situation the
“Electra complex” in 1913.
• Just as the Oedipus complex was named after a Greek myth, so is the Electra complex.
• According to Greek mythology, Electra was the daughter of Agamemnon and
Clytemnestra. When Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus, killed Agamemnon, Electra
persuaded her brother Orestes to help her kill both her mother and her mother’s lover.
 The theory explained
• According to Freud, all people go through numerous stages of psychosexual development as children.
The most important stage is the “phallic stage” between the ages of 3 and 6.
• According to Freud, this is when both boys and girls become fixated on the penis. Freud argued that
girls fixate on their lack of a penis and, in its absence, their clitoris.
• In a girl’s psychosexual development, Freud proposed, she’s first attached to her mother until she
realizes she doesn’t have a penis. This causes her to resent her mother for “castrating” her — a
situation Freud referred to as “penis envy.” Because of this, she develops an attachment to her father.
• Later, the girl identifies more strongly with her mother and emulates her behavior out of fear of losing
her mother’s love. Freud called this a “feminine Oedipus attitude.”
• Freud believed this was a crucial stage in a young girl’s development, as it leads her to accept gender
roles and understand her own sexuality.
• Freud proposed that the feminine Oedipus attitude was more emotionally intense than the 
Oedipus complex, so it was repressed more harshly by the young girl. This, he believed, led to women
being less self-confident and more subservient.
• Carl Jung expanded on this theory by labeling it the “Electra complex.” However, this label was
rejected by Freud, who said it was an attempt to analogize the Oedipus complex between the sexes.
• Since Freud believed there were crucial differences between the Oedipus complex and the feminine
Oedipus attitude, he didn’t believe they should be conflated.
Example of how the Electra complex works

• Initially, the girl is attached to her mother.

• Then, she realizes she doesn’t have a penis. She
experiences “penis envy” and blames her mother for her
“castration.”
• Because she wants to sexually possess a parent and she
can’t possess her mother without a penis, she tries to
possess her father instead. At this stage, she develops
subconscious sexual feelings toward her father.
• She becomes hostile toward her mother and fixated on her
father. She might push her mother away or focus all her
attention on her father.
 What Is the Oedipus Complex?

• Also called the oedipal complex, the Oedipus complex is a term used in the
psychosexual stages of development theory by Sigmund Freud. The
concept, first proposed by Freud in 1899 and not formally used until 1910,
refers to a male child’s attraction to their parent of the opposite sex
(mother) and jealousy of their parent of the same sex (father).
• According to the controversial concept, children view the same-sex parent
as a rival. Specifically, a boy feels the need to compete with his father for
the attention of his mother, or a girl will compete with her mother for the
attention of her father. The latter concept was termed the “Electra
complex,” by a former student and collaborator of Freud, Carl Jung.
• The controversy centers on the theory that a child has sexual feelings
towards a parent. Freud believed that though these feelings or desires are
repressed or unconscious, they still have a significant influence on a child’s
development.
 Oedipus complex origins
According to Freud, the stages of psychosexual development include:
• Oral. This stage happens between infancy and 18 months. It involves fixation on the mouth, and
the pleasure of sucking, licking, chewing, and biting.

• Anal. This stage occurs between 18 months and 3 years of age. It focuses on the pleasure of
bowel elimination and developing healthy toilet training habits.

• Phallic. This stage runs from age 3 to 5. It’s believed to be the most important stage in
psychosexual development in which boys and girls develop healthy substitutes for their
attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

• Latency. This stage occurs between 5 and 12 years of age or puberty, during which a child
develops healthy dormant feelings for the opposite sex.

• Genital. This stage occurs from age 12, or puberty, to adulthood. The maturation of healthy
sexual interests happens during this time as all of the other stages are integrated into the mind.
This allows for healthy sexual feelings and behavior.
 Oedipus complex symptoms
The symptoms and signs of the Oedipus complex aren’t as overtly sexual — if
at all — as one might imagine based on this controversial theory. The signs
of Oedipus complex can be very subtle and include behavior that wouldn’t
make a parent think twice.
The following are some examples that could be a sign of the complex:
• a boy who acts possessive of his mother and tells the father not to touch
her
• a child who insists on sleeping between parents
• a girl who declares she wants to marry her father when she grows up
• a child who hopes the parent of the opposite sex goes out of town so that
they can take their place
 DEATH
• By mid-September 1939, Freud's cancer of the jaw was causing him increasingly severe pain and had been
declared inoperable. The last book he read, Balzac's La Peau de chagrin, prompted reflections on his own
increasing frailty, and a few days later he turned to his doctor, friend, and fellow refugee, Max Schur, reminding
him that they had previously discussed the terminal stages of his illness: "Schur, you remember our 'contract'
not to leave me in the lurch when the time had come. Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense."
When Schur replied that he had not forgotten, Freud said, "I thank you," and then, "Talk it over with Anna, and
if she thinks it's right, then make an end of it." Anna Freud wanted to postpone her father's death, but Schur
convinced her it was pointless to keep him alive; on 21 and 22 September, he administered doses of morphine
that resulted in Freud's death at around 3 am on 23 September 1939. However, discrepancies in the various
accounts Schur gave of his role in Freud's final hours, which have in turn led to inconsistencies between Freud's
main biographers, has led to further research and a revised account. This proposes that Schur was absent from
Freud's deathbed when a third and final dose of morphine was administered by Dr. Josephine Stross, a
colleague of Anna Freud, leading to Freud's death at around midnight on 23 September 1939.
• Three days after his death, Freud's body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in North London, with 
Harrods acting as funeral directors, on the instructions of his son, Ernst. Funeral orations were given by Ernest
Jones and the Austrian author Stefan Zweig. Freud's ashes were later placed in the crematorium's Ernest
George Columbarium. They rest on a plinth designed by his son, Ernst, in a sealed ancient Greek bell krater
 painted with Dionysian scenes that Freud had received as a gift from Marie Bonaparte, and which he had kept
in his study in Vienna for many years. After his wife, Martha, died in 1951, her ashes were also placed in the
urn.
 La Peau de chagrin
The last book he read

SIGMUND FREUD ASH

Golders Green Crematorium and Mausoleum Freud's body was cremated

Thank you..