Without looking at your notes.

Which pathogen causes….

1. Measles
2. Rose black spot
3. TMV
4. HIV
5. Malaria
6. Salmonella
7. Gonorrhea
 Human Defence Responses
L.O.
1. Name and describe the physical barriers of the body.
2. Explain how white blood cells kill pathogens.
3. Interpret graphical data to represent antibody concentration during pathogen
exposure.

Key Words
Antibody Phagocytosis
Antigen Antitoxin
 Physical Barriers
Draw an outline of a body. Label how different parts of the human body act as
physical barriers to protect against microbes entering.

- Skin - Mouth*
- Bronchi & trachea - Ears*
- Stomach
- Nose
- Eyes

*Need help? Use textbook p86/90.

* Extension: Try the more tricky ones!

 Physical Barriers
Ciliated epithelial cells waft sticky mucus which
trap pathogens
Skin
Hairs and sticky mucus trap pathogens
Bronchi & Trachea
Stomach Physical barrier which produces oils that repel
pathogens
Nose Produce tears which are antiseptic and contain
enzymes
Eyes
Hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens in food and
the swallowed mucus
Checkpoint Find the incorrect statement...
1. The stomach contains lactic acid.
2. Mucus traps microbes.
3. Your tears are a natural antiseptic.
4. A microbe that causes disease is a pathogen.
5. Viral pathogens produce toxins.
6. Viral pathogens invade cells and damage their DNA.
Checkpoint Find the incorrect statement...
1. The stomach contains lactic acid.
2. Mucus traps microbes.
3. Your tears are a natural antiseptic.
4. A microbe that causes disease is a pathogen.
5. Viral pathogens produce toxins.
6. Viral pathogens invade cells and damage their DNA.

*Extension: How can you correct the statements?

 Pathogens
• The bacterial pathogen enters your body and starts dividing
in the blood.
• They produce toxins that make you feel ill and damage your
cells.
• The pathogen then meets the white blood cells.

Qu. How does the way viral pathogens cause illness differ to
bacterial pathogens.
White Blood Cell Defence

Watch the video.

https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
=63XExOKWrqg
 White Blood Cell Defence
1. Complete the missing gap captions & pictures on the storyboard.

*Need help?
Use the key words below. You can use them
more than once.
Bacteria Inflammation
Toxins Antibodies * Extension:
Inflamed Engulf Answer the 6 marker
White blood cells Phagocytosis on google classroom.
Antitoxins Digest
Specific Different
Antigens Scab
specific
 Draw a sketch of
the graph in your
7 book.

3
2
4 5
1
1. Read the statements below.
2. Each statement describes a particular part of the graph (1-7).
3. Number the statements from 1-7.
Specific white blood cells produce antibodies, in high numbers, quickly, so
the person doesn’t get sick.
The person encounters the same pathogen again.
Antibody levels lower, but specific memory cells remain in the blood.
The person encounters a pathogen for the first time.
Antibodies are produced by specific white blood cells in low numbers,
slowly, so the person gets sick.
The person gets better and the antibody levels begin to drop.
The pathogen is killed and the antibody levels begin to drop.
1. The person encounters a pathogen for the first time.
2. Antibodies are produced by specific white blood cells in low numbers, slowly,
so the person gets sick.
3. The person gets better and the antibody levels begin to drop.
4. Antibody levels lower, but specific memory cells remain in the blood.
5. The person encounters the same pathogen again.
6. Specific white blood cells produce antibodies, in high numbers, quickly, so the
person doesn’t get sick.
7. The pathogen is killed and the antibody levels begin to drop.
1- At day 0 a pathogen enters the bloodstream and begins multiplying.

2- From 0-25 days concentration of antibodies in the blood gradually increases.

WBCs produce antibodies that are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen. Antibodies attach
to the antigens.

3- From day 25-35 concentration of antibodies in the blood gradually decreases.

WBCs kill the pathogen by phagocytosis so the antibodies are engulfed and digested.

4- From day 35-65 concentration of antibodies remain constant but does not go back to 0.
WBCs “remember” the pathogen and its antigens and some antibodies remain in the blood in case of a
second infection by the same pathogen.

5- The pathogen enters the bloodstream and begins multiplying for a second time.

6- From day 65-85 the concentration of antibodies in the blood rapidly increases.
WBCs “remember” those antigens so when they enter again the WBCs will make more antibodies and
more quickly. This means the body can kill the pathogen before it makes you feel ill.

7- At day 90 the concentration of antibodies begins to decrease again.

WBCs kill the pathogen by phagocytosis so the antibodies are engulfed and digested.
Answer this in your book.

Describe how the human body:

• Prevents pathogens from entering

• Defends itself against pathogens inside the body.
(6 marks)
Checkpoint True or False?...
1. Toxins remove the antitoxins. F
2. Antibodies can destroy all pathogens. F
3. Antigens are specific to the pathogen. T
4. White blood cells are responsible for phagocytosis. T
5. Hormones digest the pathogen. F
6. Viruses reproduce within body cells. T
7. Ciliated epithelial cells in the bronchi and trachea trap microbes. F

*Extension: How can you correct the false statements?

In pairs, one person face the board and the other person face away. The
person facing the board must describe the words on the board. You will then
swap around.

• Antigen • Immune system

• Mucus • Antitoxin
• White blood cell • Antibody
• Toxins • Inflammation
• Ingesting • Pathogen

ARTICULATE!