𝑖 ¿𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 : 𝐴= 𝐴 𝑇

( )( )
3 0 −2 3 0 𝑏
0 3 𝑎 = 0 3 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 −2 𝑎 𝑑

𝑆𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 :

𝑖𝑖¿ 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑠 :

• d

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛

 ( )
3 0 −2
𝐴= 0 3 −2
−2 −2 5

( ) ( )( )( )( )
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼𝑑 ]
3 0 −2 1 0 0 3 0 −2 𝜆 0 0 3−𝜆 0 −2
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴−𝜆𝐼𝑑]= 0 3 −2 −𝜆 0 1 0 = 0 3 −2 − 0 𝜆 0 = 0 3−𝜆 −2 =−𝜆 +11𝜆 −31𝜆+21→𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
3 2

−2 −2 5 0 0 1 −2 −2 5 0 0 𝜆 −2 −2 5−𝜆

 hay 3 autovalores simples

 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =1 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

)( ) ( )
2 0 −2 𝑥1 0
0 2 −2 𝑥2 = 0
−2 −2 4 𝑥3 0
1
𝑅 1= 𝑅 1
2
1
𝑅 2= 𝑅 2
2
1
𝑅 3= 𝑅 3
2
𝑅 3=𝑅 3+ 𝑅 1 2

( ) ( ) ( )
𝑥1 𝑡 1
𝑥2 = 𝑡 = 1 𝑡 El autovector para es
• 0
𝑥3 𝑡 1

( )( ) ( () ) ( )
3 0 −2 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
0 3 −2 𝟏 =1 𝟏 𝟏 = 𝟏
−2 −2 5 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 Si se comprueba
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =3 ¿

A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
0 0 −2 𝑥1 0
0 0 −2 𝑥2 = 0
−2 −2 2 𝑥3 0

[ ] [ ] [ ]
0 0 −2 0 −2 −2 2 0 −1 −1 1 0
0 0𝑅 1↔ 𝑅 3
−2 0 → 0 0 −2 0 → 0 0 −20
−2 −2 2 0 0 0 −2 0 0 0 −20
1
𝑅 1= 𝑅 1
2

( ) ( ) ( )
𝑥1 −𝑡 −1 El autovector para 3 es
• 𝑥2 = 𝑡 = 1 𝑡
0
𝑥3 0 0
• 0

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 0 −2 −1 −1 −1 −1
0 3 −2 1 =3 1 1 = 1
−2 −2 5 0 0 Si se comprueba
0 0
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =7 ¿

A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
− 4 0 −2 𝑥1 0
0 − 4 −2 𝑥2 = 0
− 2 − 2 −2 𝑥3 0

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−14 0 −20 −2 0 −1 0 −2 0 −1 0 −2 0 −1 0
0 1 −4 −20 → 0 −2 −1 0 → 0 −2 −1 0 → 0 −2 −1 0
− 2=
𝑅 2 2𝑅
−22 −20 −2 −2 − 20 0 −2 −1 0 0 0 0 0
𝑅 3=𝑅 3 − 𝑅 1 2

( ) ( )
𝑥1 1 El autovector para es
• 𝑥2 = 1
0
𝑥3 −2

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 0 −2 1 1 7 7
0 3 −2 1 =7 1→ 7 = 7 Si se comprueba
−2 −2 5 −2 − 2 − 14 − 14
 D= =

P=( =

𝐴= 𝑃𝐷 𝑃 − 1
 ( ) ( )( )( )( )
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼𝑑 ]
−1 2 5 1 0 0 −1 2 5 𝜆 0 0 −1−𝜆 2 5
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴−𝜆𝐼𝑑]= 2 2 2 −𝜆 0 1 0 = 2 2 2 − 0 𝜆 0 = 2 2−𝜆 2 =−𝜆 +36𝜆→𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
3

5 2 −1 0 0 1 5 2 −1 0 0 𝜆 5 2 −1−𝜆

 0  hay 3 autovalores simples

𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝑇𝐼𝐸𝑁𝐸 3 𝐴𝑈𝑇𝑂𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑆𝐼𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =− 6 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
5 2 5 𝑥1 0
2 8 2 𝑥2 = 0
5 2 5 𝑥3 0

] [ ] [ ]
5 2 5
2 50 5 2 50 0
32
8 20 → 2 8 20 → 0 00
𝑅 3=𝑅 3 − 𝑅 1 5
2 50 0 0 00 0
2
0 0 0
𝑅 2= 𝑅 2− 𝑅1
5

( ) ( ) ( )
𝑥1 −𝑡 −1
𝑥2 = 0 = 0 𝑡 El autovector para es
𝑥3 𝑡 1

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
−1 2 5 −1 − 1 −1 −1
2 2 2 0 =− 6 0 0 = 0
Si se comprueba
5 2 −1 1 1 1 1
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =0 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
−1 2 5 𝑥1 0
2 2 2 𝑥2 = 0
5 2 −1 𝑥3 0

[ ] [ ]
−1 2 5 0 −1 2 5 0
2 2 2 0 → 0 6 12 0
5 2 −10 0 0 0 0

( ) ( ) ( )
𝑥1 𝑡 1 El autovector para 0 es
𝑥2 = −2 𝑡 = −2 𝑡
𝑥3 𝑡 1

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
−1 2 5 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 −2 =0 − 2 −2 = −2
Si se comprueba
5 2 −1 1 1 1 1
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =6 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
−7 2 5 𝑥1 0
2 − 4 2 𝑥2 = 0
5 2 −7 𝑥3 0

] [ ]
−7 2 5
− 7 2 5 0 0
24 24
2 − 4 2 0 → 0 − 0
7 7
5 2 − 70 0
0 0 0

( ) ( ) ( )
𝑥1 𝑡 1
• t 𝑥2 = 𝑡 = 1 𝑡 El autovector para es
𝑥3 𝑡 1

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
−1 2 5 1 1 6 6
2 2 2 1 =6 1 6 = 6
5 2 −1 1 1 Si se comprueba
6 6
𝐶 𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑃𝐼𝑂𝑆

( ) ( )( )( )( )
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼𝑑 ]
11 12 12 1 0 0 11 12 12 𝜆 0 0 11−𝜆 12 12
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴−𝜆𝐼𝑑]= 0 5 0 −𝜆 0 1 0 = 0 5 0 − 0 𝜆 0 = 0 5−𝜆 0 =−𝜆 +13𝜆 −55𝜆+75→𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
3 2

−4 −8 −3 0 0 1 −4 −8 −3 0 0 𝜆 −4 −8 −3−𝜆

 5
 𝐶 𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑃𝐼𝑂𝑆
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =5 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
6 12 12 𝑥1 0
0 0 0 𝑥2 = 0
− 4 −8 − 8 𝑥3 0

[ ] [ ]
6 12 12 0 6 12 120
2
03=𝑅 3+ 3 𝑅 1 0
𝑅 0 0 → 0 0 0 0
−4 −8 −8 0 0 0 0 0

6 𝑥1 +1 2 𝑥 2 +12 𝑥 3=0 • t
m

Los autovectores para son

 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =3 ¿
A

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
8 12 12 𝑥1 0
0 2 0 𝑥2 = 0
−4 −8 −6 𝑥3 0

[ ] [ ] [ ]
8 12 12 0 8 12 120 8 12 1 20
𝑅 3=𝑅 3+0 𝑅 1
1 2 0 0 → 0 2 0 0 → 0 2 0 0
2
−4 −8 −6 0 0 −2 0 0 0 0 0 0
2

• 2t El autovector para 3 e
2 𝑥 2= 0
• 3t
 D= =

P=( =

𝐴= 𝑃𝐷 𝑃 − 1

( )( )( )( )
3 0 −2 3 −2 −2 3 0 0 1 2 2
0 3 −2 = 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 0
−2 −2 5 2 1 0 0 0 5 −2 −4 −3
𝐶 𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑃𝐼𝑂𝑆

( ) ( )( )( )( )
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼𝑑 ]
−3 −12 −12 1 0 0 −3 −12 −12 𝜆 0 0 −3−𝜆 −12 −12
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴−𝜆𝐼𝑑]= 0 3 0 −𝜆 0 1 0 = 0 3 0 − 0 𝜆 0 = 0 3−𝜆 0 =−𝜆 +11𝜆 −39𝜆+45→𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
3 2

4 8 11 0 0 1 4 8 11 0 0 𝜆 4 8 11−𝜆

 5
𝐶 𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑃𝐼𝑂𝑆
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =3 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

[ ] [ ]
−6 − 12 − 12 0 −6 − 12 −1 2 0
2 0 0 → 0
𝑅 3=𝑅 3+ 0𝑅1 0 0 0 0
34 8 8 0 0 0 0 0

• t
m
−6 𝑥 1 −1 2 𝑥2 −12 𝑥3 =0

Los autovectores para son

 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =5 ¿

A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
− 8 − 12 −1 2 𝑥1 0
0 − 2 0 𝑥2 = 0
4 8 6 𝑥3 0

[ ] [ ] [ ]
−8 − 12 − 12 0 −8 − 12 −1 2 0 −8 − 12 −1 2 0
10
𝑅 3=𝑅 3+ 𝑅 1
−2 0 0 → 0 −2 0 0 → 0 0 0 0
2
4 8 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
2

El autovector para e
2 𝑥 2= 0
 D= =

P=( =

𝐴= 𝑃𝐷 𝑃 − 1

( )( )( )( )
−3 − 12 −1 2 3 −2 −2 5 0 0 1 2 2
0 3 0 = 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 0
4 8 11 2 1 0 0 0 3 −2 −4 −3
𝐶 𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑃𝐼𝑂𝑆

( ) ( )( )( )( )
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴− 𝜆 𝐼𝑑 ]
−1 10 2 1 0 0 −1 10 2 𝜆 0 0 −1−𝜆 10 2
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 𝐴−𝜆𝐼𝑑]= −1 7 1 −𝜆 0 1 0 = −1 7 1 − 0 𝜆 0 = −1 7−𝜆 1 =−𝜆 +3𝜆 −4𝜆+2→𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜
3 2

4 −27 −3 0 0 1 4 −27 −3 0 0 𝜆 4 −27 −3−𝜆

𝐶 𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐸𝑆 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑃𝐼𝑂𝑆
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =1 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
−2 10 2 𝑥1 0
−1 6 1 𝑥2 = 0
4 −2 7 −4 𝑥3 0

1
𝑅 1= 𝑅 1
2

𝑅 3=𝑅 3+4 𝑅 1 2

( ) ( ) ( )
• - 𝑥1 𝑡 1
𝑥2 = 0 = 0 𝑡 El autovector para es
• 0
𝑥3 𝑡 1

( )( ) ( () ) ( )
3 0 −2 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
0 3 −2 𝟎 =1 𝟎 𝟎 = 𝟎
−2 −2 5 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 Si se comprueba
𝟏
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =1 − 𝑖 ¿
A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
− 2 +𝑖 10 2 𝑥1 0
−1 6 +𝑖 1 𝑥2 = 0
4 −2 7 − 4 +𝑖 𝑥3 0

( )( )
− 2+14 𝑖 − 2+14 𝑖
𝑡

( )
• (-2+i) 𝑥1 25 25
• (2-i)0 𝑥2 = − 4 +3 𝑖 = − 4+ 3𝑖 𝑡
𝑡
𝑥3 25 25
𝑡 1
El autovector para es
 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝜆 =1+ 𝑖 ¿

A=

• resuelvo el sistema:

( )( ) ( )
−2 −𝑖 10 2 𝑥1 0
−1 6 −𝑖 1 𝑥2 = 0
4 −2 7 − 4 −𝑖 𝑥3 0

( )( )( )
− 2 − 14 𝑖 − 2 − 14 𝑖
• (-2-i) 𝑡
𝑥1 25 25
• (2+i)0 𝑥2 = − 4 − 3 𝑖 = −4−3𝑖 𝑡
𝑡
𝑥3 25 25
𝑡 1
El autovector para es
 D= =

P=( =

𝐴= 𝑃𝐷 𝑃 − 1

( ) ( )
− 2+14 𝑖 − 2− 14 𝑖 3 − 14 −2
1

( ) ( )
−1 10 2 25 25 1 0 0 3 27 3
− +2𝑖 7− 𝑖 −2 𝑖
−1 7 1 = − 4 +3 𝑖 − 4 −3 𝑖 0 1 −𝑖 0 2 2 2
0
4 − 27 −3 25 25 0 0 1+𝑖 3 27 3
− −2 𝑖 7+ 𝑖 +2 𝑖
1 1 1 2 2 2