LACTOBACILLU

S Ni Nyoman Nami Arthisari / 1971151004

PPDS-1 Mikrobiologi Klinik FK Unud / RSUP Sanglah
Pembimbing: Dr. dr. Komang Januartha Putra Pinatih, M.Kes
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Mahon C.R., Lehman D.C. in Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 6 th edition. Elsevier; 2019.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Taxonomy

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Firmicutes

Class: Bacilli

Order: Lactobacillales

Family:
Gen
Lactobacillaceae
The genus Lactobacillus us:
Species: L. acidophilus, L. bifidus, L.
currently contains over 180 Lact bulgaricus, L. casei, L. viridescens, L.
species oba helveticus, L. plantarum
cillu
s
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1578&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
 Lactobacillus spp.
Characteristics

• Gram-positive large rods, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase

negative, occur singly or in pairs.
• They are major part of the lactic acid bacteria group (convert sugars to lactic acid).
• Very rarely pathogenic; occur opportunistically.
• Not transmitted from person-to-person.
• Virulence factors: uncertain.

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Lactobacillus types
 Lactobacillus spp.
They are natural habitants, rapidly
colonising mammalian mucosal
Natural habitats membranes such as oral cavity,
intestine and vagina.

Oral Cavity
• More than 500 bacterial species inhabit the oral cavity
• Factors affecting microbial population in oral cavity:
• Genetics, the saliva, pH, concentration of ions, salts,
enzymes, gender, hormonal status
• The swallowing process
• The diet (composition, consistency, frequency of
meals)
• Microbial interactions
• Mouth hygiene
• Health status
• Treatment with antimicrobials

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Natural habitats

• In general, Lactobacilli have been found to constitute:

Oral Cavity • <0,1% of either the cheek or tongue
• <0,005% of intra gingival plaque
• <1% each : saliva and the gingival crevice bacteria
• Studies of tooth surfaces of infants and young children
(Carlsson and Gothefors 1975)  Lactobacilli are
present only in very small numbers or as transients in
the mouth.
• Lactobacilli developing in the mouth of 2- to 5-
year-old children consisted mostly of L. casei and
L. rhamnosus, and occasionally of L. acidophilus
and L. fermentum.

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Natural habitats

Intestinal Tract
• Most knowledge of the intestinal microbial association
has been obtained from analysis of feces
• Human feces contain >1011 bacteria per gram, and
microbial cells make up about 55% of the solids within
the colon.
• More then 400 bacterial species can be isolated from
one subject, with obligate anaerobe bacteria being
predominant and facultative anaerob.

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Natural habitats

Intestinal Tract

• Lactobacillus species can be isolated from feces of

human subjects at counts varying greatly from none
to < 109 colonyforming units (cfu)/g feces
• Present knowledge indicates that 14 species are
associated with the human gut (Table 3)

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Natural habitats
• In the healthy adult woman, the pH of the vagina
throughout the menstrual cycle ranges between 3.5
Vagina and 4.5
• The Lactobacillus species predominant in the vaginas
of normal women are believed to maintain this low pH
through their fermentative activities and to protect
against invasion of undesirable microorganisms

• Rogosa and Sharpe (1960), who cite the earlier

literature, identified isolates from normal, nonpregnant
women as L. acidophilus (67%), L. fermentum (19%), L.
casei subsp. rhamnosus (10%), and L. cellobiosus (4%).

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
 Lactobacillus spp.
According to metabolism, can be divided into three groups:

Obligately homofermentative (group I), including:

• L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. salivarius

Facultatively heterofermentative (group II), including:

• L. casei, L. curvatus, L. plantarum, L. sakei, L. rhamnosus

Obligately heterofermentative (group III), including:

• L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. fermentum, L. reuteri

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.
Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.
 Lactobacillus spp.

The Acquisition of Lactobacilli

• The fetus of vertebrates exists in a sterile

environment until birth and becomes rapidly
colonized by bacteria after nativity.
• In humans, lactobacilli can be cultured from the
feces (105–106 cells per gram) of some newborns
1–3 days after birth
• L. acidophilus is a predominant organism in bottle-
fed infants, whereas Bifidobacteria predominate in
breast fed infants

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.
 Lactobacillus  Bacteriocin
• Bakteriosin merupakan senyawa
protein yang dieksresikan oleh
bakteri yang bersifat meng-
hambat pertumbuhan bakteri
lain
• Lactocin 27  L. helveticus
• Lactacin F  L. acidophilus
• Plantacin B  L. plantarum
• Sakacin A  L. sake
• Brevicin 37  L. brevis

Rammelsberg M, Radler F. Antimicrobial polypeptides of Lactobacillus species. J of Appl.Bacteriology 1990; 69: 177-184.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Application

• Application of Lactobacillus on Pharmaceutical Industry

The Production of Bacteriocins
• Application of Lactobacillus on Pharmaceutical Industry
Production of Lactic acid
• Application of Lactobacillus in the Contemporary Food
industry Starter Cultures of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
• Therapeutic uses  e.g Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
• Application of Lactobacillus in Dairy Industry
• Application of Lactobacillus on Wine Industry

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Angelis M.D., Gobetti M. in Lactobacillus spp.: General Characteristics. University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy. Elsevier; 2016.
 Lactobacillus  Probiotics

• Probiotics are live microorgan-

isms that confer a health bene-
fit on the host when adminis-
tered in adequate amounts
• Species of Lactobacillus and
Bifidobacterium are most
commonly used as probiotics

World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. Probiotics and Prebiotics. WGO Review Team: 2017
 Lactobacillus spp.
Pathogenicity
• Epdemiology:
– Habitat : environmental and normal microbiota
– Infectious rare
• Once the organisms have gained access to the
aseptic part of the body, they can survive, multiply
and might become involved in diseases  rare 
rate 0,05% - 0,48% of all cases of infective endo-
carditis and bacterimias
• Underlying predisposition :
– Severe dental infection or recent dental manipulations were identi-
fied for 75% of cases endocarditis as the main port of the entry for
the Lactobacilli (Sussman et al., 1986).
– Husni et al, 45 patients  underlying conditions : cancer 40%, re-
cent surgery 38%, diabetes mellitus 27%.
• Three main groups of infection: endocarditis, blood-
stream infections, local infections.

Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium. Springer: 2006.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Diagnostics

• Gram staining: highly pleomorphic, occurring in long

chaining rods and in coccobacilli and spiral forms.
• Culture: grow on SBA and CHOC but not on MAC.
Appearance: Multiple colonial morphologies, ranging
from pinpoint, alpha-hemolytic colonies resembling
streptococci to rough, gray colonies
• Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-
flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS)

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Angelis M.D., Gobetti M. in Lactobacillus spp.: General Characteristics. University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy. Elsevier; 2016.
Colony Morphology

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.
 Lactobacillus spp.
Management

• Lactobacillus spp. can be resistant to various antimicrobial agents. Fortunately, these organisms are
rarely implicated in infections.
• Lactobacillus spp. are susceptible to intravenous penicillin, ampicillin, and aminoglycosides (typically
gentamicin).
• Frequently resistant to cephalosporins; not killed by penicillin alone; frequently highly resistant to
vancomycin
• No available immunization.

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

Angelis M.D., Gobetti M. in Lactobacillus spp.: General Characteristics. University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy. Elsevier; 2016.
Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.
Nabeer P, Mikelsaar M. Interaction Between Lactobacilli and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea. Departement of
Microbiology University of Tartu: Estonia
 References
1. Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14 th edition. Elsevier; 2017.
2. Angelis M.D., Gobetti M. in Lactobacillus spp.: General Characteristics. University Aldo Moro of Bari, Italy. Elsevier;
2016
3. Mahon CR, Lechman DC, Manuselis G. Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 6 th Edition. Elsevier : 2019
4. Dworkin M et al. The Prokaryotes 3rd ed Volume 4: Chapter 1.2.10 The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium.
Springer: 2006.
5. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. Probiotics and Prebiotics. WGO Review Team: 2017
6. Nabeer P, Mikelsaar M. Interaction Between Lactobacilli and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea . Departement of
Microbiology University of Tartu: Estonia.
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1578&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout
&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

 Lactobacillus spp.
Pathogenicity

Most are non-pathogenic but some species have been reported to cause dental caries, endocarditis, neonatal
meningitis, and bacteremia.

Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 14th edition. Elsevier; 2017.

LACTOBACILLUS
 INTRODUCTION Gram (+) rod

Non-Spore Former Spore Former

Bacillus
Branching (+) Branching (-)

Nocardia Catalase (+) Catalase (-)

Motility (22oC) Motility (22oC)

H2S production (+) H2S production (-)
Bile esculin hydrolysis (+) Bile esculin hydrolysis (-)

Listeria Corynebacterium Erysipelothrix Lactobacillus

Mahon C.R., Lehman D.C. in Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 6th edition. Elsevier; 2019.
 INTRODUCTION

Talaro, K.P., Chess, B. in Foundations in Microbiology 10th edition. McGraw-Hill: 2018.

 Lactobacillus
Usage

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922399