Mitosis & Meiosis

Cell Division
• like begets like (more or less)
• reproduction occurs at the cellular level
– have to give genetic material to new cell
• asexual
• sexual
• haploid = one set of DNA (1n)
• diploid = 2 sets of DNA (2n)
 Asexual
• production of genetically identical offspring by
a single parent
• 1 parent cell (2n) → 2 daughter cells (2n)
• DNA is identical
• aka: cloning
• whole organisms
• cells within an organism (growth & repair)
 Sexual
• production of genetically unique offspring
– genetic contribution from 2 different parents
• need to reduce the amount of DNA by half
– creates gametes (egg & sperm)
• gamete + gamete → new organism
• (1n) + (1n) → (2n)
 Prokaryotes: Binary Fission
• single chromosome
• circular
• small and uncomplicated
• stimulus to divide: lots of food
– get too large: own waste = death
– need ATP to:
• make new set of DNA
• make new cell ‘stuff’
Figure 8.2B

Prokaryotic chromosomes
 Eukaryotes: Mitosis
• larger, more complex cells
• large numbers of chromosomes
– chromosomes in pairs: 1 from mom & 1 from dad

• DNA is unwound most of the time: chromatin

• duplicate in this form = 4 sets of DNA

• time to divide, need to organize:

wind up into chromatids
 Eukaryotes: Mitosis
• cells spend most of their time in Interphase
– G1 phase: doing it’s thing but able to start dividing
• G0 phase: doing it’s thing but can’t divide
– S phase: synthesis (duplicate DNA & centrosome)
– G2 phase: really getting ready to divide

http://aprenderasbiologia.blogspot.com/2011/01/ciclo-celular.html
http://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2006/08/new_evidence_for_endosymbiotic.php
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvDlilBgoSs

http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_division_notes.htm
http://usmle-review.org/cell-cycle.php
 Eukaryotes: Mitosis
• Prophase
– chromatin condenses into sister chromatids
– mitotic spindle forms
• microtubules attach to the centrosomes & centromere
– nuclear membrane breaks down
– mitotic spindle starts pushing chromatids toward
middle of ce
 Eukaryotes: Mitosis
• Metaphase
– all the centromeres are lined up at equatorial plane

• Anaphase
– checkpoint
– ATP used to push and pull centromeres toward poles
– poles pushed away from each other too
– fastest phase
 Eukaryotes: Mitosis
• Telophase
– ‘reverse’ of prophase
• chromatids unwind
• spindle breaks down
• nucleus reforms

• Cytokinesis
– contractile ring of actin & myosin forms (hoodie)
– plants form a cell plate → cell wall
– make more ‘stuff’
Figure 8.6A

Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow Contracting ring of
microfilaments

Daughter
cells

Cleavage
furrow
 Mitosis: Summary
• start with 1 2n parent
• end up with 2 2n daughter cells
• DNA in daughter cells is IDENTICAL
– to each other
– to parent cell
 Meiosis
• start with 1 2n parent cell
• produce 4 1n gametes
– DNA is UNIQUE
• each gamete is different than the others
• each gamete is different than the parent
 Meiosis
• somatic cells (body cells)
– have 2 sets of chromosomes
– called homologous pairs
• code for same things, (like eye color) but may have
different information (blue or brown)
• 22 pairs of austosomes
• 1 pair of sex chromosome (XX in female; XY male)
 Meiosis
• gametes (1n)
– have 1 set of chromosomes
– meant to pair up with another gamete (1n) to
create a 2n organism

• gamete + gamete → zygote (fertilization)

(1n) + (1n) (2n)

gametes created through process of MEIOSIS

 Meiosis
• DNA is copied ONCE
• cells divide TWICE

• cross-over: homologous chromosomes swap

material = increased genetic diversity
Mom Dad

http://medakagb.lab.nig.ac.jp/Homo_sapiens/index.html
Mom Dad

http://medakagb.lab.nig.ac.jp/Homo_sapiens/index.html
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/normalkaryotype
Figure 8.12B

INTERPHASE MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II

Sister
chromatids

1 2 3

A pair of A pair of
homologous duplicated
chromosomes homologous
in a diploid chromosomes
parent cell
Figure 8.11

Pair of homologous
chromosomes

Locus

Centromere

Sister
chromatids

One duplicated
chromosome
http://click4biology.info/c4b/4/gene4.2.htm
 Meiosis
• Interphase:
– chromosomes duplicated
– centrosomes duplicated
 Meiosis
• Prophase I:
– chromatin coils up
– synapsis: 2 sister chromatids come together (tetrad)
• cross over occurs
• can take months
– centrosomes go to poles
– spindle foms
– nuclear envelope breaks down
 Meiosis
• Metaphase I:
– tetrads are aligned across from each other at equator

– sister chromatids across from each other

– not all centromeres along equator
 Meiosis
• Anaphase I:
– sister chromatids pulled away from each other
– uses ATP to push/pull chromatids toward poles
– uses ATP to push poles away from each other
 Meiosis
• Telophase I and Cytokinesis:
– nuclear membrane reforms
– chromatids uncoil into chromatin
– some species skip this
– short interphase (rest)
 Meiosis
• Prophase II:
– centosomes duplicate
– spindle forms
– chromosomes moved toward equator

• Metaphase II:
– centromeres aligned on equator
 Meiosis
• Anaphase II:
– centromeres of sister chromatids pulled apart
– ATP used to push/pull chromatids toward poles
– ATP used to push poles away from each other

• Telophase II & Cytokinesis:

– nuclei reform
– DNA uncoils
Figure 8.14
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I

Parent cell
Prophase (before chromosome duplication) Site of Prophase I
crossing
over

Duplicated Chromosome Chromosome Tetrad formed

chromosome duplication duplication by synapsis of
(two sister homologous
chromatids) chromosomes
2n  4

Metaphase Metaphase I

Chromosomes Tetrads (homologous

align at the pairs) align at the
metaphase plate metaphase plate

Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Homologous
chromosomes
separate during
anaphase I;
Sister chromatids sister
Daughter Haploid
separate during chromatids
cells of n2
anaphase remain together meiosis I
MEIOSIS II

2n 2n No further
Daughter cells of mitosis chromosomal
duplication;
sister
chromatids n n n n
separate during Daughter cells of meiosis II
anaphase II
Figure 8.19A_1

Trisomy 21
Figure 8.20A_s1

MEIOSIS I

Nondisjunction
Figure 8.20A_s2

MEIOSIS I

Nondisjunction

MEIOSIS II

Normal
meiosis II
Figure 8.20A_s3

MEIOSIS I

Nondisjunction

MEIOSIS II

Normal
meiosis II

Gametes

Number of n1 n1 n1 n1

chromosomes
Abnormal gametes
Figure 8.20B_s1
MEIOSIS I

Normal
meiosis I
Figure 8.20B_s2
MEIOSIS I

Normal
meiosis I

MEIOSIS II

Nondisjunction
Figure 8.20B_s3
MEIOSIS I

Normal
meiosis I

MEIOSIS II

Nondisjunction

n1 n1 n n

Abnormal gametes Normal gametes