INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

CHAPTER III
OBJECTIVES

• Define intellectual revolution

• Identify the intellectual revolutions that created paradigm shift
• Determine the components of personality
• Explain the stages of psychosexual development
• Compare the different civilizations and identify their greatest contributions to
society
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

• Term used to Greek speculation about nature in the period of Socrates

(known as the “Pre-Socratic” or non-theological or first philosophy.
THREE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

• The world is a natural whole

• There is natural order
• Humans can discover those laws
COPERNICUS

• Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) proposed that the sun was stationary at the center of
the universe and the earth was revolved around it.
• Pre-Copernicus- principles of classical astronomy involving the four elements (fire, air,
water, earth) were followed
• Between 1508-1514, Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model where he proved the
idea that the sun is the center of the solar system (the sun-centered concept).
• The sun-centered concept was considered a radical idea during that time and most of the
contemporary astronomers adopted the Greek Earth-centered model
COPERNICUS

• The concept was so radical that his essay titled “On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres” was only published the year of his death despite the
conceptualization in the early 1500.
DARWINIAN

• Darwin’s theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all living organisms are related
and have descended from a common ancestor.
• Darwin’s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a
purely naturalistic descent with modification.
• It explains that complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over
time
• As random genetic mutations occur within an organism’s genetic code, the beneficial
mutations are preserved because they air survival – a process known as “natural selection”.
DARWINIAN

• Darwin figured out that variations in a population help different species to

survive. Some variations are better suited for the environment which in
return increases the organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.
• The animal that do survive and reproduce are better adapted than other
organisms. The better adapted the organisms is, the more fitted it is to
reproduce; reproduction rates refers to “survival of the fittest”.
FREUDIAN

• Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis and one of the 20th century’s
most influential thinkers.
• Freud's structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious
psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality. Human behavior
is the result of the interactions among three component part of the mind: The
id, ego, and superego.
ID

• Part of the mind in which innate instructive impulses and primary processes
are manifest
SUPEREGO

• Part of the person’s mind that acts as self-critical conscience, reflecting social
standards learned from parents and teachers.
EGO

• Part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external
world
END OF PRESENTATION