Introduction to LTE

Zhou You

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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 Contents

Basic LTE Concepts

Huawei eNodeB Products and Solutions

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 Why LTE

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 Evolution of Radio Technologies
Overview

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 LTE Technical Objectives
LTE Requirements from ITU
Flexible bandwidth
Higher spectrum efficiency
Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: <
10ms
Shall support
stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high speed
vehicular
Support inter-system handover
VoIP Capacity
Decrease network evolution cost
Reduce CAPEX and OPEX
LTE Technical Features from 3GPP
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz
DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA
UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA
DL:100 Mbps, UL: 50 Mbps
Control plane:< 100 ms, User plane: < 10 ms
Shall support high speed vehicular(>350 km/h) for
100 kbps access service.
Support interoperability between 3GPP existed and
non-3GPP
Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS
domain which can support multiple service, especially
voice service (such as VoIP).
Remove BSC/RNC
SON

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 EPS Network Architecture
• EPS
• GER • CS
• E- • EPC
AN/ • CN
PS UTRAN
UTR CN • “LTE” • “SAE”
AN
• PCRF
• S6a
• S1-C • User Plane
UE • HSS
• Rx • Control Plane
• Uu
• X2 • MME • S11 • Gx
• S1-C
• S1-U
UE • S5 • SGi • Operator’s
IP Service
• S1-U
• • • • SGW • PDN-GW
U E- EPC
E UTRAN

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 EPS Network Architecture--2G/3G
Co-existence
• • SGSN • HSS • PCRF
Gb
• SWx
• GERAN
• Iu
• S3 • S4
• S6a • Gxa • Rx
• Gxc
• S12 • Gxb • Gx
• UTRAN • MME
• S11
• S1-C • S5
• SGi•
• S1-U Operator’s
IP Service
• E-UTRAN • SGW • PDN-GW
• S6b
• S2a • S2b

• SWn • SWa
• Trusted non • Un-trusted non
• 3GPP IP Access • • STa •
3GPP IP Access
ePDG • 3GPP-AAA

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 Functions of NEs
MME S-GW P-GW
• Mobility Management • Packet forwarding • Packet forwarding
• Session and routing and routing
eNodeB Management • IP head compress • Non-3GPP access
Inter Cell RRM
• Authentication and • DL buffering anchor
key management • Legal interception • UE IP allocation
RB Control • NAS encryption
• TA LIST
Connection Mobility Cont.
Management
Radio Admission Control • P-GW/S-GW
Selection
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)

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 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack: Uu
Interface
User
Plane

Service data

Signaling
UE eNodeB
Control
Plane

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 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack: Uu
Interface
• Control Plane

• User Plane UE eNodeB MME

NAS NAS

• L3 & NAS
UE eNodeB RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP

• L2 RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC MAC MAC MAC

• L1 PHY PHY PHY PHY

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 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack: S1 Interface
Control Plane User Plane

Radio Radio
Network S1-AP Network
Layer
Layer

GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
Transport IP
Network Transport IP
Layer Data link layer Network
Layer Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer

• S1AP: The S1 Application Protocol is the application layer protocol between eNodeB and MME.
• SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol, ensures the delivery of signaling messages
on the S1 interface between the MME and the eNodeB.
• GTP-U: The GPRS Tunneling Protocol, used in user plane for user data transmission between
the eNdoeB and S-GW.
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol, used for the user data transmission.
• The data link layer can use transport layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.

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 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack: X2 Interface
Radio Control Plane User Plane
Network
Layer User Plane
X2-AP PDUs

Transport Transport Network Transport Network

User Plane
Network User Plane
Layer

GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
Data link layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer

• The X2 interface is also divided into the user plane (X2-U) and control plane (X2-C). The X2-
U interface is required to be the same as the S1-U, and the X2-C is required to be the same
as S1-C.

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 Multiplexing
Power Time
• FDM:
• Multiplex multiple
data streams in the
frequency domain
Data stream 4

Data stream 3

Data stream 2

Data stream 1
• TDM:
Frequency • Multiplex multiple
Time
Power data streams in
Data stream 4
the time domain
Data stream 3
Time • CDM:
Data stream 2 Power
Data stream 1 • Multiplex
multiple data
streams in the
code domain
Data stream 4
Frequency
Data stream 3
Data stream 2

Data stream 1
Frequency

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 Multiplexing

• FDM • 保护带宽
• ( 窄带）

• CDM • 保护带宽
• ( 宽带）

• OFDM • 保护带宽
• ( 宽带）

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 OFDM

FDM

OFDM

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 OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
 OFDM is almost completely
resistant to multi-path interference
due to its long enough symbol
duration.
 Higher spectral efficiency for
wideband channels.
 Flexible spectrum utilization.
 Relatively simple implementation by
using FFT and IFFT.
• Disadvantages
 Frequency errors and phase noise can
cause issues.
 Some OFDM systems can suffer from
high PAPR.
 Accurate frequency and time
synchronization requirement.
 Doppler shift impacts subcarrier
orthogonality.

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 Multiple Access Technology:
Distinguishing Users
Time Time
Power Power
FDMA TDMA
Each user is Each user is
allocated with a allocated with a
specific sub- specific time on a
frequency band or
channel.
channel.

Frequency Frequency
• FDMA • TDMA

Time
Power
Time OFDMA
Power
CDMA Each user is allocated with a
Each user is specific resource, which
allocated with a varies in the time domain
specific code on a and frequency domain.
channel.

Frequency
Frequency
• CDMA • OFDMA

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 LTE DL Multiple Access Technology —OFDMA
• OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency
division multiple access.
• OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA.

System bandwidth
Subcarrier

TTI: 1 ms

Frequency

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2

Time Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3

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LTE UL Multiple Access Technology — SC-FDMA

• To reduce the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses
single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in the
uplink.

Frequency bandwidth

Single carrier
TTI: 1 ms

Frequency

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2

Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers
Time
Time and frequency resources allocated to user 3

0
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 OFDMA vs SC-FDMA

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Duplex Technologies: Distinguishing UL/DL Signals
• TDD: The uplink and downlink use
different slots.
• Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where
traffic is unbalanced. It allocates different amount
of time slots to the uplink and downlink, improving
the flexibility and spectral efficiency.
• Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires
GPS synchronization and phase synchronization.
The interference between the DL and UL is
difficult to control.
• Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX
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• FDD: The uplink and downlink use
different frequencies.
• Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.
• Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low,
when the uplink and downlink traffic
(primarily data services) is unbalanced.
• Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA,
CDMA2000
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LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD
• Radio frame: 10ms
• Subframe: 1ms
• Slot: 0.5ms

Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms

One Slot,Tslot = 15360 x Ts=0.5ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Subframe (1ms) Ts = 1/(15000x2048) = 32.552083ns

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LTE Frame Structure Type2-TDD
• Special subframe=DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms
• GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition.

Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms

One half-frame, 153600Ts=5ms

Special Subframe Special Subframe

0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
DwPTS
(Downlink Pilot UpPTS (Uplink
GP (Guard Pilot Time Slot)
One subframe, 30720Ts=1ms Time Slot) Period)

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 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching
Points
• DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item

Subframe number
DL-UL Switch-
Configuratio point
n periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
• D: Downlink subframe
• U: Uplink subframe
• S: Special subframe

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 LTE Physical Resource Concept

 RE (Resource Element)
 RB （ Resource Block ）
 CCE(Control Channel Element)
 TTI (Transmission Time Interval)

BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

RE Number/OFDM
72 180 300 600 900 1200
symbol
RB Number/slot 6 15 25 50 75 100

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 Contents

Basic LTE Concepts

Huawei eNodeB Products and Solutions

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 3900 系列基站
演进

天线 RRU AAU

RFU

BTS3900 机 BBU
柜
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 华为 eRAN 解决方案

更快的数据业务解决方案
更好的业务体验解决方案 多制式组网的语音解决方案
• 载波聚合：有效利用离散、不连续的频谱 • 有 2G/3G 覆盖
带宽 / 频谱 • MIMO ：多天线收发 CSFB • 未部署 IMS （ IP 多媒体系统）
利用 • 调制模式 • LTE 网络需要进行呼叫
• 压缩带宽：有效利用 GSM 释放的非标准带宽 • 有 2G/3G 覆盖
• 已部署 IMS
SRVCC
• 上行天线联合接收： 2 或 4 个天线接收用来 • LTE 网络正在进行呼叫
干扰降低 消除一个终端受到的另一个终端信号干扰 • 离开 LTE 网络覆盖
• AICIC/TDM eICIC ：小区边缘干扰消除 • 已部署 IMS
VoLTE • LTE 网络需要进行呼叫
• 始终处于 LTE 网络覆盖
• 多制式基站联合节能
节能
• 终端不连续接收

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 CS Fallback

MME
GSM/UMTS 传统覆盖
s LTE 城区覆盖
SG
MSC

LTE 和 GSM/UMTS 必须 核心网要求 :

重叠覆盖  重用 GSM/UMTS 核心网 ;

 电路域核心网软件升级

到 UMTS 到 GSM
总呼叫建立时延 (s) 总呼叫建立时延 (s)
呼叫方式
（在 CSFB 标准部署下） （在 CSFB 标准部署下）
4G ↔ 固话 4 -
4G ↔ 2/3G 5.6 7
4G ↔ 4G 6.5 9

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 LTE ，改变了用户的行为习惯
大事件中上行流量甚至超过了下行流量
用户更加随时随地依赖于 LTE

自从使用了 LTE 之后

撒切尔夫人葬礼期间伦敦圣保罗大教堂附近的数据流量统计

体育赛事促进了实时视频的迅速增长
Volume from LTE

YouTube 用户增
43% 的 WiFi 用户 23% 的家庭固定宽
加，且 14% 使
转向使用 4G 带转向使用 4G
用 4G

周末的温布尔登网球赛

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