Measurement

 Measurements
 Time and Distance
 Converting Measurements
 Working with Measurements
1.1 Measurements

A measurement is a
determination of the
amount of something.
A measurement has
two parts:
a number value and
a unit
Two common systems

 TheEnglish System is used for everyday

measurements in the United States.
 Miles, yards, feet, inches, pounds, pints, quarts,
gallons, cups, and teaspoons are all English
system units.
 In 1960, the Metric System was revised and
simplified, and a new name was adopted—
International System of Units.
 International System of
Measurement (SI)

 The acronym SI comes from the French name Le

Système International d’Unités.
 SI units form a base-10 or decimal system.
 In the metric system, there are:
 10 millimeters in a centimeter,
 100 centimeters in a meter, and
 1,000 meters in a kilometer.
The meter stick
 A meter stick is 1 meter long and
is divided into millimeters and
centimeters.
The meter stick
 Each centimeter is divided into ten smaller units, called millimeters.

What is the length in cm?

The 7 Base Metric Units

 The metric system is the main system of

measurement units used in science. Each
unit is considered to be dimensionally
independent of the others. These
dimensions are measurements of length,
mass, time, electric current, temperature,
amount of a substance, and luminous
intensity. Here are definitions of the seven
base units
The 7 Base Metric Units

Length: Meter (m) The

meter is the metric unit of
length.

Mass: Kilogram (kg) The

kilogram is the metric unit of
mass.
The 7 Base Metric Units

•Time: Second (s) The basic

unit of time is the second.
•Temperature: Kelvin (K) The
Kelvin is the unit of
thermodynamic temperature..​
The 7 Base Metric Units

•Amount of a Substance: Mole

(mol) The mole is defined as the
amount of a substance that contains as
many entities as there are atoms in
0.012 kilograms of carbon-12.
The 7 Base Metric Units

Electric current: Ampere (A) The

basic unit of electric current is the
ampere.
Luminous Intensity: candela
(cd) The unit of luminous intensity, or
light, is the candela.
Base units and symbols
Time and Distance
 Twoways to think about
time:
 What time is it?

 How much time?

A quantity of time is
also called a time
interval.
Time
 Time comes in mixed units.
 Seconds are very short.
 For
calculations, you may need to convert hours
and minutes into seconds.

How many seconds is this

time interval?
Distance
 Distance is the amount of space between two
points.
 Distance is measured in units of length.
 The meter is a basic SI distance unit.

In 1791, a meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the

distance from the North Pole to the equator.
What standard is used today?
Metric prefixes
 Prefixesare added to the names of basic SI units such
as meter, liter and gram.
 Prefixes describe very small or large measurements.
Converting units
 To convert 1,565 pennies to the dollar amount, you
divide 1,565 by 100 (since there are 100 pennies in a
dollar).
 Converting SI units is just as easy as converting pennies
to dollars.
Solving Problems
 Convert 655 mm to m
1. Looking for:
 …the distance in meters
2. Given:
 …distance = 655 millimeters
3. Relationships:
 Ex. There are 1000 millimeters in 1 meter
4. Solution:

655 mm = .655 meters

Solving Problems
Convert 142 km to m
1. Looking for:
 …the distance in meters
2. Given:
 …distance = 142 kilometers
3. Relationships:
 Ex. There are ? meters in 1 kilometer?
4. Solution:
 Use the conversion tool.
Solving Problems

Convert 754,000 cm to km
1. Looking for:
 …the distance in kilometers
2. Given:
 …distance = 754,000 centimeters
3. Relationships:
 Ex. There are ? cm in 1 m?
 There are ? m in 1 km?
4. Solution:
 Use the conversion tool.
Mnemonics
King
Henry
Died
( Unusually- unit)
Drinking
Chocolate
Milk
Converting Measurements

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=HRe1mire4Gc
Converting units
A conversion factor is
a ratio that has the
value of one.
 This method of
converting units is
called dimensional
analysis.
 To do the conversion
you multiply 4.5 feet
by a conversion
factor.
Solving Problems
Convert 4.5 ft to cm
1. Looking for:
 You are asked for the distance in cm
2. Given:
 You are given the distance in ft.
3. Relationships:
 Ex. There are ? cm in 1 ft? 30.48 cm = 1 ft
4. Solution:
 Make a conversion factor from equivalent
1.3 Converting units
 Usethe correct
conversion factor to
convert:
175 yds. to m.
2.50 in. to mm.
Measuring mass
 Mass describes the amount of
matter in an object.
 The SI unit for mass is the
kilogram (kg).
 The kilogram is too large a
unit to be convenient for small
masses.

One gram (g) is one-thousandth of a kilogram.

What is the estimated mass of ONE zinc nut?
Matter
 Matter is anything that
has mass and takes up
space.
 All matter has mass.
 Steel, plastic, rubber,
and glass are different
kinds of matter.

A car has a lot more of each

kind of matter than a bike.
Mass and weight are different

 We tend to use the terms mass and weight

interchangeably, but they are not the
same thing.
 Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
 Weight is a measure of the pulling force of
gravity on an object.
Mass and weight are different
 A 2.3 kg bag of flour has a mass of
2.3 kilograms no matter where it is in
the universe.
 The weight of the bag of flour is less
on the moon.

The 5 lb bag of flour on

Earth weighs only .8 lbs
on the moon!
Volume
 Volume is the amount of space an object takes
up.
The fundamental unit of volume in
SI is the cubic meter (m3).
More convenient smaller units are
cubic centimeters (cc or cm3), liters
(L) and milliliters (mL).
Volume
 Measuring the volume
of liquids is easy.
 Pour the liquid into a
graduated cylinder and
read the meniscus at
eye level.
Displacement

 You can find the volume

of an irregular shape
using a technique called
displacement.
 Put the irregularly
shaped object in water
and measuring the
amount of water
displaced.
Comparing mass
and volume
 Mass and volume are two
different properties of
matter.
 Size does not always
indicate an object’s mass!
 How the matter is packed
into space is more
important.
Density
 Density describes how much mass is in a given volume of a material.
Density

 Solids,
liquids and gases
are matter, so they all
have density.
 The density of water is
about one gram per
cubic centimeter.
Density
 The units used for
density depend
on whether the
substance is solid
or liquid.
 For liquids use
units of grams per
milliliter (g/mL)
 Forsolids use
density in units of
g/cm3 or kg/m3.
Density of common materials
 Density is a property of material independent
of quantity or shape.
Density of common materials
 Liquidstend to be less
dense than solids of the
same material.
Ex. solder (“sodder)
Density of common materials
 Water is an exception to this rule.
 The density of solid water (ice) is less than the
density of liquid water.
Determining Density
 To find the density of a
material, you need to know the
mass and volume of a solid
sample of the material.
1. Mass is measured with a
balance or scale.
2. Use the displacement method
or calculate the volume.
Density
Density changes for different substances
because:
1. Atoms have different masses.
2. Atoms may be “packed” tightly or loosely.
Paraffin wax is a white or colorless soft, solid wax.
It’s made from saturated hydrocarbons. It’s often
used in skin-softening salon and spa treatments on
the hands, cuticles, and feet because it’s colorless,
tasteless, and odorless. It can also be used to
provide pain relief to sore joints and muscles. 
Solving Problems
Calculating Density
1. Looking for:
 …the density of the candle
2. Given:
 …mass = 1500 g; volume = 1700 mL
3. Relationship:
 D = m/V

4. Solution:
 1,500 g ÷ 1,700 mL = 0.8823529 g/mL

# Sig. fig = .88 g/mL

Graphing

 A graph is a visual way to organize data.

 A scatterplot or
XY graph is used
to see if two
variables are
related.
Graphing

 A bar graph compares

data grouped by a name
or category.
Graphing
 A pie graph shows the
amount each part
makes of up of the
whole (100%).
 Use a compass or
circular object to
make circles. Use a
ruler or straight edge
for straight lines. Use
color pencil or
different patterns to
differentiate portions.
Graphing
 A “connect-the-dots” line graph is often used to show trends in data
over time.
How to make an XY graph
 Scatterplots show how a change in one variable
influences another variable.
 The independent variable is the variable you
believe might influence another variable.
 The dependent variable is the variable that you
hope will change as a result of the experiment.
How to make an XY graph
 Pressure is critical to safe diving.
 How does an increase in depth affect the
pressure?
 What sort of graph would best show the
relationship between pressure and depth?
How to make an XY graph
1. Choose x and y-axis
 Depth is the independent variable = x axis
 Pressure is the dependent variable = y axis
2. Make a scale
 Most graphs use ones, twos, fives or tens
 OR calculate the value per box
3. Plot your data
4. Create a title
* Exception- when time is a variable
Identifying graph relationships

 In a direct
relationship,
when one
variable
increases, so
does the
other.

The speed and distance variables show a

direct relationship.
Identifying graph relationships

 When there is no
relationship the graph
looks like a collection of
dots.

No pattern appears.
Identifying graph relationships

 In an inverse
relationship,
when one
variable
increases, the
other
decreases.
Reading a graph

What is the speed of the car at 50 cm?

1. Find the known value on the x axis
 Position = 50 cm
2. Draw a line vertically upward from 50 cm until
it hits the curve.
3. Draw a line across horizontally to the y-axis
from the same place on the curve.
4. Read the speed using the y axis scale.
 Speed = 76 cm/s