Radio Communication Course

Prof. Amer Zreg

Lec 8 Digital Microwave Radio Links Part #III
By: Idris Enbis
According to Text Book by Roger Freeman
(Radio System Design fo Telecommunication)

1
 Out lines

1- Application of High-Level M-QAM to High-Capacity SDH/SONET Formats

2- Considerations of Fading on LOS Digital  Microwave Systems

3- Other Views of Calculations of Fade Margins on Digital LOS Microwave

4- Multipath Fading Calculations Based on TIA TSB 10-F

5- Simple Calculations of Path Depressiveness)

6- Path Analyses or Link Budgets on Digital LOS Microwave Paths

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 1- Application of High-Level M-QAM to High-Capacity
SDH/SONET Formats
Digital LOS radio systems are often required to transport SDH or SONET high-
capacity formats for Synchronous digital channel multiplexing.
SDH, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a group of fiber
optic transmission rates that transport digital signals with different
capacities. SDH technology enables low-bit rate data streams to combine
with high-rate data streams. Furthermore, as the whole network is
synchronous, it enables users to embed and extract individual bit streams
from high-rate data streams relatively easily
SONET , Synchronous Optical Network, (North America) and SDH
(Europe) have almost the same capabilities of dealing with high speed
data and offer a synchronous processing to different speed streams.
SDH levels are classified as STM’s(1,2,..) and SONET has STS’s(1,2,…)
levels of data speeds.
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 Cont..1

The following table shows up the equivalent data rate and formats plus the
capabilities of SDH and SONET.

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 2- Considerations of Fading on LOS Digital  Microwave
Systems
 Below 10 GHz ,multipath is the dominant factor for fading.
 Above about 10 GHz, the effects of rainfall determine maximum
path lengths through system availability criteria.
 reduction in path length due to rainfall loss limitations tends to reduce
the severity of multipath fading.
 Unavailability is mainly due to Rain Fall.
 Error performance is mainly due to multipath.
 Frequency dispersion could be a result of multipath and cause ISI
distortion but rain fall has no effect on that.

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 3- Other Views of Calculations of Fade Margins on Digital LOS
Microwave
 Digital radio systems are more concerned with the dispersiveness of
a path.
The concept of ‘‘net’’ or ‘‘effective’’ fade margin is used for digital
Systems.
 The ‘‘net’’ fade margin is defined as a single-frequency fade depth in
dB that is exceeded for the same number of seconds as that selected
for the BER threshold, usually 1 × 10ˉ³.
 A composite fade margin accounts for the dispersiveness of the
fading on a hop by using dispersion ratios.
 Dispersion ratios can be used as a parameter to compare the dispersi
-veness of different hops in relation to single frequency fading.

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 Cont,,3

This net fade margin is considered as the composite of the effects of

thermal noise, ISI due to multipath dispersion, and interference from
other radio systems.

= Known dispersion ratio for a path

DFMR =Reference dispersive fade margin for a path of disperse ratio
dispersive fade margin for path of DR IS given by
 4- Multipath Fading Calculations Based on TIA TSB 10-F
The composite fade margin (CFM) consists of 4 factors:
1- TFM Thermal fade margin.
2- DFM Dispersive fade margin.
3- EIFM External interference fade margin.
4- AIFM Adjacent-channel interference fade margin.

These four fade margins are power added to derive the composite fade
margin (CFM) as follows:
The outage time due to multipath fading in a nondiversity link is calculated
by

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 Cont..4

Where s=vertical antennas separation ,D=Path length (m,ft) , f is frequency GHz

For nondiversity outage Time equation could be simplified assuming certain case of
climate , temperature and terrain roughness as:
 5- Simple Calculations of Path Depressiveness

Multipath delay for LOS microwave paths can be as high as 20 s.

Ideally this dispersion should be less than half a symbol period to avoid
destructive ISI.
Path with dispersion on the order of 10 μs would be highly destructive
for QAM-64 (0.0116 μs symbol duration).
Commonly path may reach 50 km/hop display median dispersion in the
range of maxima 20-30 ns.
There are two formulas calculating the maximum allowed dispersion:
1- Depending on path length in miles

2- Depending on path length in km and HPBW in Degree

 6- Path Analyses or Link Budgets on Digital LOS Microwave
Paths
The procedure for digital radiolink analysis is very similar to its analog
Counterpart:
Calculate EIRP.
Algebraically add FSL and other losses due to the medium (PL.) such as
gaseous absorption loss, if applicable.
Add receiving antenna gain (Gr) .
Algebraically add the line losses (Lr )
Inserting minus signs for losses, we have the following familiar equation
to
calculate RSL (receive signal level):

For Eb/No related to a certain value of BER we should refer to

manufacturers data sheets and to typical curves and tables shown in
the next slides.
 
 References
1- Radio System Design For Telecommunications Third Edition
5- https://www.telecomeasy.com/
6- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
7- https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=705-08-38