Philippine Politics and

Governance
Charlene mae g. gracias
Subject Teacher
Relationship Among
Nations
and States in the Context of
Globalization
Nation State
NATION
• It comes from the latin word Nasci meaning “born”
giving it a racial or ethnic in meaning.
• Etymologically, it refers to a birthplace; therefore, it is
generally used to describe an ethnic, linguistic, or
cultural community.
• Thus, it may also define as group of people bound
together by commonalities in language, history,
traditions, and religion.[[
 NATION

• As a nation they share common identity as a people

(cohesion) that enables them to think themselves as a
member of homogenous community. Like for example,
we Filipinos have different ethnic groups, however, we
have that oneness of being Filipino. We belong to one
descent and share the same culture of being Filipino.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NATION
It is an entity that is united on the basis of ethnicity.
It is populated more or less by a single ethnic group.

THECIN
IONTAN

ETHNIC NATION
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NATION

ETHNIC NATION
For example, the community of our Muslim brothers
who shares same ethnicity even with different
territories. Japan also is one example of ethnic nation.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NATION
It is entity that covers a predefined territory which
was populated by different ethnic group that have
assimilated as a nation.

RITEROTLIAR
IONTAN

TERRITORIAL NATION
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NATION

TERRITORIAL NATION
For example, in the Philippines, we have different
ethnic groups, but we assimilate ourselves as
Filipino. Also, in the Asian nation, we are considered
Asian even with different ethnicity and descent, but
we are one as Asian.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NATION

TERRITORIAL NATION
Ethnic groups include the Cebuano, Ilocano,
Pangasinense, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano,
Waray, Surigaonon, Zamboangueño and Hiligaynon
who are also called Ilonggo.
 STATE

• A state is a community of persons more or less

numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion
of territory, having a government of their own to which
the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and
enjoy freedom from external control.
 STATE
• In international law, the concept of State was
established in the Montevideo Convention, an
agreement signed by countries in Montevideo,
Uruguay, where they set a standard of definition of the
state. It is stipulated that all states were equal
sovereign units consisting of (1) a permanent
population; (2) defined territorial boundaries; (3) a
government; and (4) an ability to enter into
agreements.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
There must be people residing who should be
numerous to be governed and self-sufficient. It
should also be more or less numerous for defense
and both sexes present for perpetuity.
Example: Vatican; a state within a state, they are
less numerous but can govern and self-sufficient.

OPLEPE
PEOPLE
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
An area over which territory has effective control. A
fixed portion of the surface of the earth in which
people reside is sufficient to provide for the needs of
the inhabitants. It is big enough to be self-sufficient
but small enough to administer and defend.

TIREROYTR
TERRITORY
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE

TERRITORY
COMPONENTS:
• Aerial Domain
• Terrestrial Domain
• Maritime and Fluvial Domain
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

a) Discovery and Occupation – A state can acquire a

certain
territory when it discovers a certain place and
occupy it for a
long period of time. The place should be terra nullius
or land
belonging to no one. A certain territory cannot be
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

a) Discovery and Occupation – Example: Spratly

Island: This is the basis of the Philippines why we
are claiming it as our own.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

b. Prescription. It is a long, continued, and adverse possession

to vest acquisitive title in the claimant. The acquisition of
territory by an adverse holding through a long term of years
requires two essential facts; (1) continuous; (2) undisturbed
possession.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

b. Prescription. Example: Las Palmas case: Even if Spain

discovered and occupied this territory, the Netherlands
acquires the same by virtue of prescription as it exercised
sovereign rights over the island for more than two hundred
years after its discovery by Spain.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

c) Cession. It is the transfer of territory from one state to

another by agreement. It may be a bilateral agreement whereby
one state transfer sovereignty over a definite portion of
territory to another state. This may be voluntary or by force.
Example: Sabah, Malaysia ceded by British Empire.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

d) Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal annexation of a territory

after it has been conquered in the course of war. This mostly
happen during early times.
Example: Colonies of countries; Philippines during Spanish
Era.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
• The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire its territory:

e) Accretion. Increase in the land area of a State caused by the

operation of the forces of nature or, artificially, through human
labor.
Example: Chinese Reclamation in West Philippine Sea;
Mischief Reef or some part of Spratly Islands.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
It is an agency or instrumentality, through which the
will of the state is formulated, expressed, and
realized. It was established by inhabitants who were
organized in exercising control over, and capable of
maintaining law, and other within the territory.

NTMEERNGOV
GOVERNMENT
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE

GOVERNMENT
It is the system that put in place to govern the
state. In the Philippines, the government is
governed by the constitution. The action of all
the people based from the constitution.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE

GOVERNMENT
The way how the government is managed is what we
call administration. The management of the affairs of
the government is administration. In the Philippines,
the one we voted for the office is the ones mostly
administering the government. Administration
changes over time but the government will not if it
will not change by the people through a referendum.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
The supreme and uncontrollable power in a state by
which that state is governed. An entity is NOT a state
UNLESS it has competence, within its own
constitutional system, to conduct international
relations with other states, as well as the political,
and financial capabilities to do so.

YTNGINEVEROS
SOVEREIGNTY
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
SOVEREIGNTY
2 ASPECTS
a. Internal – the ability of a state to exercise its
authority over its territory and people
Example: the totality of how the government rules its
people
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
SOVEREIGNTY
2 ASPECTS
b. External – the relationship of the State with other
States; the freedom from external control.

Example: No other State dictates how the

government should be governed or run.
How State is created?

OVERULIONT
 How State is created?
REVOLUTION
It refers to a movement, often violent to overthrow an
old
regime and effect a complete change in the
fundamental institution of society.
Example:
o American Revolution
o EDSA Revolution – there is a change in the
structure of
government
How State is created?

IFUINACIONT
 How State is created?
UNIFICATION
The process of being united or made into a whole.
Many
states joined together to form as one.

Example: Germany
How State is created?

ESCESSNOI
 How State is created?
SECESSION
The act of separating from a nation or state and
become
independent.

Example: Timor-Leste with the help of UN, Indonesia

ceded its
claim. This is what Taiwan wants from China, also
those prodemocracies in Hong Kong.
 How State is created?

RTOISESAN FO EPDINENCEDEN
 How State is created?
ASSERTION OF INDEPENDENCE
The act of stating something or exercising authority
confidently and forcefully.

Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo (In February

2008 Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia
(Yugoslavia had ceased to exist in 2003, giving way to
the federation of Serbia and Montenegro, which itself
dissolved in 2006).
How State is created?

AGREEMENT
 How State is created?
AGREEMENT
It is negotiated and typically legally binding
arrangement between parties as to the course of
action.

Example: Netherlands
 How State is created?

ETMNTATNIA FO IVCIILAZOINT
 How State is created?
ATTAINMENT OF CIVILIZATION
A process by which society or place reaches an
advanced stage of social civilization.

Example: Mesopotamia is now Iran and Iraq.

 CONCEPT OF NATION – STATE

Nation-state is a term that refers to a political

institution that combines the concepts of nation
and state.
It refers to a state inhabited by people who
identify themselves as a nation on account of
common culture, history, language, ethnicity, or
other factors. coincides with same language and
Nation-state
religion, however not all.
 CONCEPT OF NATION – STATE

A nation is composed of many states like the

Muslim Nation; it is composed of Saudi Arabia,
Iran, Iraq, Jordan, and many more. There are also
states with minorities that separate themselves
from the others. It is at this point where the
debate comes in if the Philippines is a nation-state
or not because of our brothers in the south
establishing Bangsamoro which means Moro
nation. In the middle east also, the Kurdish which
are minorities in Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
 CONCEPT OF NATION – STATE

Always remember that if we are talking of

Nation-State combines the concepts of nation and
the concept state, oneness in one state.
GLOBALIZATION
 CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION

The process through which societies have

become so intertwined or interconnected that
events and decisions in one part of the world have
significant effects on the lives of people in the
other part of the world.
 CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION

It implies opening of local and nationalistic

perspective to a broader outlook of interconnected
and interdependent world. This globalization
integrates States by interchange of world views,
products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
 Globalization in the Philippines

Here in the Philippines, the domestic and

political policies change because of events
happening in international arena. For example,
the shift of TESDA training to BPO related skills
to cater the demand of outsourcing companies.
 Globalization in the Philippines

The shift of 10 years curriculum in the Basic

Education Curriculum to K to 12 programs is an
outset of global requirements. Many countries
prefer those having 12 years basic education
program to 10 years program which prompts the
Philippine government to shift and follow other
States’ programs. For individual aspects, many
high school graduates enroll themselves in health
courses program such as nursing because of its
demand abroad.
 Features of Globalization

Globalization is conjoined with the fast

improvement of technologies. The improvement of
communication, transportation, and trade
strategies fast-track the process of the
interconnectedness of countries.
 Features of Globalization

1. Declining relevance of geographical distance.

The use of internet connectivity virtually

shortens the distance between and among the
people of different states. Even millions of
kilometers apart because of ICT development the
geographical distance between states was virtually
shifted.
 Features of Globalization

2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries.

The development in air, water, and land

transportation has advantages in the movement of
people between states. They can now move to and
from one state to another.
 Features of Globalization

3. Deepening and broadening of political

processes, such that the local, national, and
global events constantly interact.
State personalities can now exchange ideas in
real-time and talk diplomatically for the
improvement of both states. The bilateral or even
multi-lateral relation among them can be
strengthened or weakened depending on the
aspects of the relationship.
 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

All economies have been integrated into a global

economy. There is an increasing interdependence
of world economies as a result of the growing scale
of cross-border trade of commodities and services,
the flow of international capital, and wide and
rapid spread of technologies.
 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

Example: Internationalized production and global

supply chains are now standardized for
manufacturers of many devices, it ranging from
cars to smartphones. Take a look of what is
happening to Huawei; its parts came from
manufacturers in the Western countries which
were affected by the political clash between China
and US.
 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

2. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

A phenomenon by which the experience of

everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of
commodities and ideas,
reflects a standardization of cultural expression
around the world. Information, commodities, and
images from one part of the world make cultural
differences between nations and individuals less
significant.
 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

2. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

Global brands penetrate the local scene. Uniqlo

and other brands abroad are now here in the
Philippines; we are now
integrating the shoe and fashion culture of other
countries.
 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

3. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

The growth of worldwide political system, the

importance of international organizations,
transnational organizations, and non-
governmental organizations are being recognized.
 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

3. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

Example: The creation of World Trade

Organization which tackles trade industries
among member states. Also, the influence on
domestic issues of organizations such as the
United Nations, World Trade Organization, World
Bank, Asian Development Bank, International Red
Cross, and World Wide Fund for Nature.
Effects of Globalization as to Economy
The developed States enjoy the advantages in
the balance of opportunities and threats. In
contrast, underdeveloped and developing
countries remain dependent on developed
countries. They are mired in poverty and remain
in competition with other poor states in the export
of agricultural products and minerals.
Effects of Globalization in Developed States

To gain upper hand in economic

competitiveness, developed states adopted new
policies. Some developed countries privatized their
publicly owned companies and pruned down their
budget deficits to manageable levels, reduced their
taxes, and abolished shoddy stock market
because of international competitions and
monopolies.
Effects of Globalization in Developed States

Developed countries are the markets of Multi-

national corporations which in turn MNCs are
required to purchase or ask them to buy
domestic products from domestic suppliers
because of many industries in developed
countries. They are unlikely be controlled by
other states in terms of economy. They cannot
be forced by external economic forces, besides
they are the ones controlling economic forces.
However, along with this, are the depletion of
Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries
The impact of globalization in developing
countries in terms of economy is far greater
than in developed countries. Developing
countries only rely on single or less
export products. They are not diversified.
Middle East for example, their product is
mainly oil. Without oil revenue, their economy
will falter. The Philippines is another country
that supports labor exports because of its
agricultural products. Once developed countries
close its doors, the economy will falter too.