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Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Building Structures
Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Building Structures
• Conception
• Modeling
• Analysis
• Design Integrated
• Detailing Design
• Drafting Process
• Costing
Building Systems
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System Floor Slab System
Gravity Load Resisting System
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations Strains
Settlements pv
Stress
Thermal Changes Stress Resultants
Analysis of Structures
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x y z
pv
Real Structure is governed by “Partial
Differential Equations” of various order
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations Strains
Settlements pv
Stress
Thermal Changes Stress Resultants
Structural
Model
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool
pv
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
xx yy zz Stress-Strain Law
x
y
z
pvx 0 Kr R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial Differential
Equations”
Equations” _ _ _
t
dV p u dV p u ds
v
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads
Simplified Structural System
D K
F
F=KD
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Discretize Model in FE
Solve FE Model
Engineer
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Z
H, B much less than L
Regular Solid
Beam Element
X
( T small compared to Lengths )
Y Solid Element
Plate/ Shell
Rz Dz
Dx Dx
Ry
Dy Dy Dy
Rz
Dx Rz Rx Dz Dx Rx
Rz
Ry ?
Ry ?
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz Dz Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Rz
Plate Shell
Membrane
DOF for 3D Elements
Dy
Dz Dx
Solid/ Brick
Frame and Grid Model
2D Frame
Membrane Model
Plain-Strain
Assumptions x
1 unit
x2
x3
x1
3D Problem
2D Problem x
• Use 6 to 20 node
elements
Soil-Structure Interaction
• Simple Supports
• Fix, Pin, Roller etc.
• Support Settlement
• Elastic Supports
• Spring to represent soil
• Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
Truss
OK OK Dz OK OK OK
Plate
Rx, Rz OK Rx, Rz OK OK Rx, Rz
• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Static Vs Dynamic
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both
Elasticity and Linearity
Linear-Elastic Linear-Inelastic
Action
Action
Deformation Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
Physical Object Based
Modeling, Analysis and Design
Continuum Vs Structure
• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids
• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress
• Solid Structures
Structure, Member, Element
• Structure can considered as an assemblage of “Physical
Components” called Members
– Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footings, etc.
• Physical Members can be modeled by using one or more
“Conceptual Components” called Elements
– 1D elements, 2D element, 3D elements
– Frame element, plate element, shell element, solid element, etc.
• Modeling in terms Graphical Objects to represent Physical
Components relieves the engineers from intricacies and
idiosyncrasy of finite element discretization
Structural Members
Continuum
Regular Solid
(3D)
y
Plate/Shell (2D) z
x z x Beam (1D)
t<<(x,z)
b h
L>>(b,h)
h
t
z
x L
b
Plate Element
Slab Load
Area Wind Load
Shell Element Soil Support
Panel/ Plane
Seismic Load
Volume Liquid Load
Solid Element Soil Support
Vol.
– Complexity of Load
– Complexity of Medium Area
Line
Area
Volume
Boundary
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine
2 2
1 1
+V2 +M2
+P +T
2 2
3 3
+V3 +M3
+V3 3 +M3 3
+P +T
+V2 +M2
Shell Element
General
•Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5)
•Total Displacements per Node = 3
U3, R3 U3, R3
•Total Rotations per Node = 3
U2, R2 U2, R2
•Used for curved surfaces
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
Application 3 2
U3, R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying 1
U1, R1 U1, R1
Building Specific Application
•May be used for modeling of general slabs Shell
systems. But not used generally
Plate Element
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3
•Total Displacements per Node = 1
•Total Rotations per Node = 2 U3 U3
•Plates are for flat surfaces Node 3
R2
Node 4
R2
R1 R1
Application 3 2
U3 U3
R2 R2
out of plane loads Node 1 Node 2
R1 R1
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2)
•Total Displacements per Node = 2 R3
U2 U2
•Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0) Node 3 Node 4
Application
1
R3 R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying Node 1
U2
Node 2
U2
in-plane loads U1 U1
“Zipper”
• Architecture
• Building Services
• Construction Eng.
• Value Eng.
• Aesthetics
• Ergonomics Eng.
Structural
• Structural Eng. Construction
Engineering System Selection Artificial Intelligence
• Knowledge Eng.
• Economics
• Artificial Intelligence
Engineering
• System Eng.
Structural
• Common Sense
Determining System Suitability
m n p
Value of
an Option
Vl Ai Si Bij Sij Cijkl Sijk
i 1 j 1 k 1
System – 1
System – l Cijkl Sijkl Cijnl Sijpl Cinkl Sinkl Cinnl Sinpl Smnpl
System - q
Assigning Suitability Values
B
Slab T = 200 mm
Beam Width, B = 300 mm
5.0 m
Beam Depth, D
a) 300 mm
b) 500 mm
c) 1000 mm
Moment Distribution in Beam-Slab
Effect of Beam Size on
Moment Distribution
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Using Equivalent Frame Method – Design Strip
Design Strip
½ Middle Strip L2
Column Strip
½ Middle Strip
L2
Drop Panels
Longitudinal Beams
Transverse Beams
L1
Lateral Load
Resisting Systems
• Single System
• Moment Resisting Frames
• Braced Frames
• Shear Walls
• Tubular Systems
• Dual System
• Shear Wall - Frames
• Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
Lateral Loads
1. 2D Frame Models
– Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction
– Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry
2. 3D Frame Model
– Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure
– Can be “open floor” model or “braced floor” model
3. Full 3D Finite Element Model
– A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements
4. Rigid Diaphragm Model
– A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid
Floor Diaphragm
Modeling as 2D Frame(s)
• Convert 3D Building to an assemblage of 2D Frames
– Using Independent Frames
– Using Linked Frames
– Using Sub-Structuring Concept
• Advantages
– Easier to model, analyze and interpret
– Fairly accurate for Gravity Load Analysis
• Main Problems:
– Center of Stiffness and Center of Forces my not coincide
– Difficult to consider building torsional effects
– Several Frames may need to be modeled in each direction
– Difficult to model non-rectangular framing system
Create a Simple 2D Model
2. Select and
isolate Typical
2D Structure
4. Obtain results
Using Linked Frames
F1
Linked Elements
Shear Wall F2
F3
Modeling
Plan
F1 F2 F3
Diaphragm
– Link Frames in 2D
– Master DOF in 3D
– Use Approximately
The Rigid Floor Diaphragm
uilding d.o.f.’s
Y
F1 , 1
UL
r UL3
rY
X UL2
rx
F3 , 3
UL1
F3 , 2
F2 , 1
(In ETABS)
Area Objects: Slab
By default uses two-way load transfer
mechanism
Simple RC solid slab
Can also be used to model one way slabs
Area Object: Deck
Use one-way load transfer mechanism
Metallic Composite Slabs
Includes shear studs
Generally used in association with
composite beams
Deck slabs may be
o Filled Deck
o Unfilled Deck
o Solid Slab Deck
Area Object: Plank
By default use one-way load transfer
mechanism
Generally used to model pre-cast slabs
Can also be simple RC solid slab
Automatic Floor Meshing
Beam 2
the ETABS Analysis Model
Girder B
a) Floor Plan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they
support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
Automatic Meshing of Area Objects
Girder A Girder A
Beam2
Beam1
Beam 2
Beam3
Beam1
Beam3
Girder B Girder B
a) Floor Plan b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Shown Dashed c) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
Example of ETABS
automatically generated mesh
for floor-type area objects
– This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner,
faster and more predictable
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
d) e) f)
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
g) h) i)
Automatic Transformation and
Transfer of Floor Loads to
Appropriate Elements
Edge 4
Edge 2
Edge 4
Edge 2
is lost, that is, it is c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element b) Distribution of Uniform Load
of Meshed Floor
If the supporting x1 x2 P P * x1
member at the end point x1 + x2
Edge 3
of an imaginary beam is
itself imaginary, then the Direction of deck span Edge 4 Edge 2
c) Loading on Edge 2
x1 x2
load from the imaginary Edge 4
Edge 2
Point load, P
beam tributary to that P * x2
P * x2 P * x1 x1 + x2
end point is lost, that is, x1 + x2 x1 + x2
it is ignored by ETABS Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element b) Distribution of Point Load d) Loading on Edge 4
of Meshed Floor
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Line Load
– The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the
surrounding beams
– An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed
in a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration
technique.
General Interior Meshed Element
3 3 3
Edge Edge Edge
Uniform load
2
Midpoint
4
4
4
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Direction of deck span Midpoint
P2 P2 Line 2 3 3
Edge Edge
2
P1 P1
4
Edge
Edge
Line 1
Edge
Edge
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of b)
d) e) Transformation of Uniform Load f) Loading on Edge 1
Meshed Floor Deck
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
D E F
elements with real beams on all
sides
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
Edge of deck is at A B C
center of spandrel
beam, typical in this
example
Imaginary
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
No beam at
Beam 6
edge of deck D E
with cantilever beams extending to Beam 3a Beam 3b Beam 3a
Beam 3b
edge of deck
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
A B C
No beam at
edge of deck
Beam 4a Beam 4b
ImaginaryBeam 6
am 7
ary Be
Imagin
Beam 2b
No beam at
D E
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
edge of deck
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
A B C
No beam at
edge of deck
D 8
ary Beam E2
Example of exterior Imagin
ImaginaryBeam 6
am 7
meshed elements Ima g in ary Be
with cantilever
Beam 2b
E1
Beam 1b
beams extending to D
edge of a skewed Beam 3a Beam 3b
deck
c) Condition at Skewed Deck
Edge (Areas D and E)
Exterior Meshed Element
Edge of deck
D E
Beam 1 Beam 1
Column 1 Column 1
Beam 2
Beam 2
A B C
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
Beam 3b
D E F J
Beam 3a
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
A B C
0.6 klf
0.2 klf
2'
Beam 1
1.5k 1.5k
2'
1 1
g) Real beam on one side h) Real beams on two i) Real beam on one side Tributary areas for various
plus one vertical adjacent sides plus plus two vertical
support element at one vertical support support elements at conditions of a membrane slab
corner point element at corner point corner points
4 3 3
4 3 3
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
3 3 Example of load distribution on
a membrane slab
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
a) Full uniform load b) Partial uniform load
transformation transformation
3 3
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
c) Line load transformation d) Point load transformation
Type of Slab Systems in SAFE
The 5-Story Walkup Flats
A B C D E F G
6
5
6.0
6.0
3
2.8
2
2.8
1
2.8
1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
6 5 4 3 2 1
Section
35 Story Office Building
5
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Typical Floor
1
(B1, B2, 4-35)
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
A B C D E F G
35 Story Office Building
5
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 1-2
1
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 3
1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
C and D
5 4 3 2 1
35 Story Office Building
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
B and E
5 4 3 2 1
35 Story Office Building
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
A and G
5 4 3 2 1