TOPICS
SOIL POLLUTION LANDSLIDE
A landslide is a rapid
the contamination of downward movement of
soil with anomalous rock, earth, or debris down
concentrations of toxic a sloped section of land
substances under the influence of
gravity
URBANIZATION
Urbanization is the
process through which
cities grow, and higher
and higher percentages of
the population comes to
live in the city
 Urbanisation
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban
areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people
living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to
this change.

Urbanization involves a
complex set of economic,
demographic, social,
cultural, technological, and
environmental processes
that increase the proportion
of the population of a
territory that lives in towns
and cities.
 C a u s e s o f Urbanization
Natural increase of population: It occurs when the number of
births exceeds the number of deaths.
Rural to urban migration: It is driven by pull factors (that attract
people to urban areas) and push factors (that drive people away
from the rural areas).
Employment opportunities, educational institutions and urban
lifestyle are the main pull factors.
Poor living conditions, lack of educational and economic
opportunities and poor health care facilities are the main push
factors.
Global Urbanization
The most urbanized regions include
Northern America (with 82% of its
population living in urban areas (as of
2018)), Latin America and
Caribbean Europe the
(81%),
Oceania (68%). (74%)
and is
The level of urbanization in Asia
now approximately 50%.
Africa remains mostly rural, with 43%
of its population living in urban areas.
 U R B A N IZ A T IO N IN IN D IA
U R B A N IZ A T IO N

P R O S P EC T S :
The World Urbanization Prospects, 2018 report produced by
the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN
DESA) notes that future increases in the size of the world’s
urban population are expected to be highly concentrated in
just a few countries.
Together, India, China and Nigeria will account for 35% of
the projected growth of the world’s urban population
between 2018 and 2050.
By 2050, it is projected that India will have added 416
million urban dwellers.
Currently, India’s population stood at 1210 million in 2011,
with an urbanisation level of 31.1% (Census of India 2011).
0 02
1
Easier Access
to Facilities
Urban living is linked with
higher levels of literacy and
education. Urbanisation is
associated with easier
access to hospitals, clinics
and health services in
general.
Significance o f
Access
to
Information
:
Urban Living There are also benefits from
easier access to sources of
information such as radio
and television which may
be used to communicate
information about health to
the general public.
 Issues Associated to
Urbanisation
Overflowing
On the one hand, the Excessive
rural-urban migration Populat io
Slum
The cities suffer from
accelerates the pace of n s the problems of slums,
urbanisation, on the Pressure crime, unemployment,
other, it creates urban poverty, pollution,
excessive population congestion, ill-health
pressure on the and several deviant
existing public utilities. social activities.
 Way
SUSTAINABLE
Forward
IMPROVING ACCESS
NEW APPROACHES
URBANIZATION FOR TO HEALTH
FOR
SUCCESSFUL FACILITIES &
UR BAN ISATION :
WELFARE SCHE ME S
DEVELOPMENT: Necessary actions should
Improving sanitation
As the world continues to be taken to build
and transportation
urbanize, sustainable sustainable, robust and
facilities in slums and
inclusive infrastructure.
development depends
establishing clinics Instead of a top-down
increasingly on the successful
approach, a bottom-
management of urban growth, Aiding nonprofits and up approach shall be
especially in low-income and local support bodies who adopted to better
lower-middle-income have better reach to understand unique
countries where the pace of these marginalised challenges faced by
urbanization is projected to be communities. the urban poor.
the fastest.

H and PA | The Green Tree

Towers
LANDSLIDES
• Definition
• Types of Landslides
• Causes of Landslides
• Impacts
• Prevention & Remediation
 Definition

 A Landslide, also called landslip, is the downslope

movement of a mass of rock, earth, or soil (soil being a
mixture of earth and debris). 
 Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any
down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct
influence of gravity. 
 Slope movement occurs when forces acting down-slope
(mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth
materials that compose the slope.
 Types of Landslides

1. Rotational Landslides occur where 2. Translational Slides occurs when the

more resistant rocks founder over failure surface is approximately flat or
underlying weaker rocks.  slightly undulated.
3. Rock fall is a type of fast-moving
landslide that happens when rock or earth
falls, bounces, or rolls from a cliff or down a
very steep slope. 

4. Rock Toppling is a type of fast-moving

landslide that happens when rock or earth
falls, bounces, or rolls from a cliff or down
a very steep slope. 
5. Debris Flow i.e. downslope 6. Lateral Spreading occurs when
movement of collapsed, the soil mass spreads laterally and this
unconsolidated material spreading comes with tensional cracks
typically along a stream channel. in the soil mass.
 Causes of Landslides

• Deforestation is also one of the main reasons for landslides because trees,
& plants keep the soil particles compact.
• Shifting cultivation is common in hilly regions. Almost every year, residents
burn the forests for cultivation purposes. This makes such regions more
vulnerable to landslides.
• It can be caused because of Heavy rainfall and Earthquakes as well.
• Urbanization i.e. increasing population pressure in few regions is alarming.
Intensive urbanization activities such as establishing commercial housing
projects and road construction reduce the vegetation cover.
 Impacts of Landslides 

 Landslides increase the risk of floods. It is because the debris increases the river
sediment. As a result, irregular course rivers become frequent, resulting in floods.
 It damages houses, roads and buildings. This further creates a financial burden for
rebuilding infrastructure to rehabilitate the masses.
 Loss of human lives is one of the severe effect.
 Mud, debris and rocks slide from the slope during landslides. This restricts human
movement and creates a traffic barrier on highway.
 Prevention and Remediation of Landslides

• Improving surface and subsurface drainage: It can increase the stability of a

landslide-prone slope. Surface water should be diverted away from the
landslide-prone region by channeling water in a sewer pipe to the base of the
slope.
• Excavating the head: Removing the soil and rock at the head of the landslide
decreases the driving pressure and can slow or stop a landslide.
• Buttressing the toe: If the toe of the landslide is at the base of the slope, fill can
be placed over the toe and along the base of the slope. The fill increases the
resisting forces along the failure surface in the toe area.
• Constructing piles and retaining walls: Piles are metal beams that are either
driven into the soil or placed in drill holes. Properly placed piles should extend
into a competent rock layer below the landslide
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/
File:Landfill-1396587_640.jpg
• https://discoverdaylesford.com/bullarto-gallery/
• https://cdn.unenvironment.org/beatpollution/s3fs-
public/2020-02/drought-1675729_1280.jpg
• https://aihms.in/blog/wp-content/uploads/
2021/08/soil.jpg
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination

• https://www.conservationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/1200-8609-
land-pollution-photo2.jpg
• https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-landslide-and-what-causes-one
• https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/hazards/rockfall/
• https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic13/pic13_5.html
• https://www.godigit.com/guides/natural-disasters/landslides-in-india
CASE STUDY 1

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION:                             

A CASE STUDY OF RAKHIAL INDUSTRIAL AREA,
AHMEDABAD
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of
heavy metal soil pollution in one of the cradles of industry in
India, the Rakhial Industrial area in the city of Ahmedabad.
 Twenty-five soil samples were collected from the top 5 cm of the
soil layer and were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations of
Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr. The data reveal a remarkable variation in
     ABSTRACT heavy metal concentration among the sampled soils; the mean
concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr were compared with the
standards of different countries like Canada, Australia, Norway,
Taiwan etc. for Maximum allowable limits of heavy metals in
soil.
 Soil samples were also analyzed to determine fixed metals
present in soils if any and results showed that all metals were
fixed solids and do not get carried away with rain water. GIS
Mapping of study area for each metal will be done to
demonstrate the distribution of heavy metals concentration.
  Due to the continuous industrialization in many parts of the
world, pollutants are emitted into the terrestrial
environment and pose a great threat on human health. Soil
Contamination can seriously affect soil’s ability to perform
some of its key functions in the ecosystem.
  INTRODUCTION  Soil is a living resource, but once contamination exceeds a
certain threshold, the soil may be considered ‘functionally
dead’. Pollution by heavy metals and many organic
contaminants is practically irreversible.
 Rakhial area of Ahmedabad is hub for matterllurgical
industry and thus selected for Heavy Metals assessment in
soil to investigate soil pollution. Metals investigated in this
study are Copper, Nickel , Zinc, Chromium and Iron.
       STUDY AREA
  Covering area of 1.36 sq. km and being hub of metallurgical
industry, Rakhial industrial area was selected to find possible
contamination in top soil of the area. Rakhial Industrial area
having Latitude:23° 1'18.35"N and Longitude: 72°37'41.30"
was divided into Grids of 180 m by 180 m and 25 samples
 METHODOLOGY were collected from the area. 
     SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
  Top-soil samples of 5 cm were collected from the industrial
area and obtained by compositing surroundings topsoil into a
polythene bag with aid of a plastic scooping trowel. Auger
was used for collecting sample and Sample location were
recorded through GPS. Samples were analyzed by USEPA -
3050B method for assessing heavy metal concentration using
FAAS. Soil samples were digested with both Acid and Neutral
pH buffer solution to determine fixed metals and washing
away with rain water.
  RESULT AND DISCUSSION
On analyzing soils for Cu, Ni , Cr and Zn, results obtained for 25
location are compared with standards of different countries for
Maximum allowable concentration of Heavy metals in Soil.
Standards compared here includes Canadian, Australia, Norway,
Taiwan and Netherland.
      
Data Interpretation
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
  As mentioned in a below table, half of the results obtained
are above prescribed limits, thus it can be interpreted that
Soil of Rakhial industrial area is contaminated with high
concentrations of heavy metals. No metals were extracted
with buffer solution thus it can be concluded that all present
      CONCLUSION metals are fixed metals and do not get washed away with
rain water.
 References used in analysing, investigating and comparing are as following:
 Soil pollution - Types, effects, sources and control of soil pollution -
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.in/2013/11/soil-pollution-typeseffects-sources.html 
  Soil Pollution - http://bosepo.ba/categories/environment/ 
 Causes and Types of Soil Pollution -
http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/990/1/Soil_Pollution.pdf 

REFERENCES   Chemicals of Public Health Concern -

http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chemicals_phc/en/ 
  Soil Sample Analysis - http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/guidetosoil.pdf 
  Statistic Treatment of Data/Results – http://www.statsref.com/HTML/index.html?
introduction.html 
  What is GIS https://www.esri.com/library/bestpractices/essays-on-geography-
gis.pdf 
 Monitoring and Control Standards of Heavy Metals of Soils in Taiwan -
http://sgw.epa.gov.tw/ReSAG/Upload_Data/File/Information8839253Nov30_01Reg
ulatory%20Standards%20of%20Heavy%20M etal%20Pollutants%20in
%20Soil_20111116.pdf
 CASE STUDY 2
URBANIZATION &INDUSTRIALIZATION:
A CASE STUDY IN GURUGRAM DISTRICT
 INTRODUCTION
• Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to
their geographical environment, the subject matter include
origin of towns, their growth and development. Their function
in and around their surroundings. With the increase of
population globally, towns and cities have become magnets of
economic, social and political processes.
• Urban geography is a branch of human geography, with the
development of urban cities worldwide, the branch of urban
geography come into play since it enables researchers to study
these trends much more effectively. In addition to this, these
geographers were able to investigate potential locations that are
suitable for development for the tiniest of villages to sprout into
the desired huge cities
 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION &
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Development of a country can be judged through the development of its
economy. The country having strong economy is considered as a developed
country. Earlier Indian economy was totally dependent on agriculture but now
the interest of our economy shifts toward industry. Industry is a place where
raw material is converted to finished product but Industrialization is essentially
a process of technological innovation which leads to improved organization,
specialization, division of labour, which has inherent impulses of faster,
continuous and cumulative growth. Industrialization play vital and crucial role
in the economic development of a Country
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY &
METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES-
The present research work specially attempts keeping in view the following
objectives: 
•  To study the spatio-temporal trends of urbanization in Haryana. 
•  Positive relationship between urbanization and migration in Gurugram district.
METHODOLOGY-
• With the help of relevant data statistical and cartographical techniques will be
processed through computer and many cross tables will be prepared. The thematic
mapping of spatial pattern of urbanization will be shown with the help of GIS tool
&Secondary data is used in this research work
 HYPOTHESIS
• Size and urban growth: A positive relationship between the size and urban growth.
Bigger the town, faster the growth rate and vice versa. 
• Administrative status and urban growth: A positive relationship between the
administrative status and urban growth rate. 
•  Degree of urbanization and urban growth: Degree of urbanization and urban growth
were positive relationship with each other. 
•  Density of towns and urban growth: The density of towns and urban growth rate
were hypothesized as negatively related to each other. 
•  With the help of relevant data statistical and cartographical techniques will be
processed through computer and many cross tables will be prepared. The thematic
mapping of spatial pattern of urbanization will be shown with the help of GIS tool. 
 STUDY AREA & POPULATION
• Gurugram District falls in the southern most region of the state of Haryana. Its
headquarters is at Gurugram. It lies in between the 27° 27‘ 20‖ and 28° 32‘25‘‘ latitude,
and 76° 39‘ 39‘‘ and 77° 20‘ 50‘‘ longitude. Being in the vicinity of Delhi, Gurugram
falls under National Capital Region. On its north, it is bounded by the District of Jhajjar
and National Capital Territory of Delhi; Faridabad District lies to its east; Palwal District
lies to its south east. On south it shares boundaries with Mewat whereas Rewari lies to its
west. To its South, lies the state of Rajasthan. The district spreads over 1254 sq. Km
• Tehsil-wise population of the district in terms of rural and urban population, various
other aspects of population distribution like that of urban and rural distribution, gender
wise distribution, population of 0-6 age group, literacy pattern among the population is
displayed in table 
 INDUSTRIES & GURUGRAM
• Gurugram has grown organically due to economic imperatives and incentives. But it is also, as the
chaos created last week by the monsoon shows, a warning of what happens when the state abandons its
role of shaping and enabling that growth. This failure has undercut the Millennium City growth story
from its inception. Two decades after its creation by the Haryana government in 1979, its boom started
with General Electric (GE) opening an office in 1997. Where GE led, others followed. All this,
however, happened without adequate local government. There was no municipal body, with the state-
level Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) expected to build the connective infrastructure.
• Sewage disposal, a major issue, becomes a health hazard every time flooding of the kind that was seen
last week occurs. There are also negative environmental consequences. The lack of adequate water
supply infrastructure means that over 30,000 bore wells have been dug, resulting in a rapidly receding
water table. According to a Resource Optimization Initiative study, Gurugram will have 48 litres per
capita per day by 2020; the international standard is 130 litres.
 REASON OF HIGH RATE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN
GURUGRAM
• Gurugram district has witnessed a phenomenal growth in all spheres of development particularly in urbanization
and creating industrial climate. A number of policy initiatives announced by the Government of Haryana from time
to time have provided an impetus for the rapid industrialization in the district. Its ideal location on the National
Highway of Delhi-Jaipur road, in close proximity of Indira Gandhi International Airport and its well developed
infrastructure base like existing roads and communications network all through the district, total electrification
environment has made Gurugram the choicest location for the industry as such high–tech and high value projects
involving foreign collaboration with huge investment have come up in this area.
• There are many prominent and prestigious units involved in the manufacturing of cars, motors-cycles, automobile
parts, telecommunication equipments, electrical goods, software development, hardware, sports goods, rubber
products, readymade garments. In fact with the collaboration of Suzuki Motors of Japan with establishment of
Maruti Udyog Limited in early eighties, a new era for rapid industrialization of Gurugram started as a result of
which Gurugram came on the International map. The growth gained further momentum after establishment of Hero
Honda, Honda Motors of Japan, Suzuki Motor Cycle and ancillarisation of these Automobile companies. The
automobile Industry of Gurugram is producing passenger cars, motor cycles, scooters and its components worth
Rs.28000 crores. 
 CONCLUSION
• Gurugram is large metropolitan city in India, and situated in the NCR region and
also belong to Haryana as a symbol of urbanization . The role of national highway 8
and transport system of Gurugram is also increasing its value in NCR. Manesar is a
fast-growing industrial town in Gurugram district of the State of Haryana in India,
and is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi. Haryana Government
wants to acquire 1,800 acres of land near IMT to form IMT-2. Villagers from the
seven villages namely: Kasan, Baskhusla, Mokalwaas, Khardi, Baslambi, etc. and
Tapukara, Bhiwadi,(Rajasthan) is also give a big support to Gurugram industrial
area and its industrialization
 NAME SID
SATYAM DWIVEDI 20104087
SHIFALI BANSAL 20104088
ARCHIN JAIN 20104089
ROHIT NARWAL 20104090
ACHYUT NANDA 20104091
DIVY GOYAL 20104092
CHANDANPREET SINGH 20104093
ROCKEY 20104094
ADITYA KUMAR 20104095
PRINCE 20104096

Presented by Group 8
Thank
You!