Matter is the “stuff” of the universe — the atoms,

molecules and ions that make up all physical substances.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Energy is the capacity to cause change. Energy cannot be
created or destroyed; it can only be conserved and
converted from one form to another. "Potential energy"
is the energy stored in an object due to its position — for
example, a bucket of water balanced over a doorway has
the potential to fall. "Kinetic energy" is energy that is in
motion and causing changes. Any object or particle that
is in motion has kinetic energy based on its mass and
speed. Kinetic Energy can be converted into other forms
of energy, such as electrical energy and thermal energy.
 Five Phases of Matter
Solids
Particles are packed tightly together so they are unable to
move about very much. Particles of a solid have very low kinetic
energy. The electrons of each atom are in motion, so the atoms
have a small vibration, but they are fixed in their position. Solids
have a definite shape. They do not conform to the shape of the
container in which they are placed. They also have a definite
volume. The particles of a solid are already so tightly packed
together that increasing pressure will not compress the solid to a
smaller volume
Liquids
Particles of a substance have more kinetic
energy than those in a solid. The liquid particles
are not held in a regular arrangement, but are still
very close to each other so liquids have a definite
volume. Liquids, like solids, cannot be compressed.
Particles of a liquid have just enough room to flow
around each other, so liquids have an indefinite
shape. A liquid will change shape to conform to its
container. Force is spread evenly throughout the
liquid, so when an object is placed in a liquid, the
liquid particles are displaced by the object.
Gases
Gas particles have a great deal of space between them
and have high kinetic energy. If unconfined, the particles
of a gas will spread out indefinitely; if confined, the gas
will expand to fill its container. When a gas is put under
pressure by reducing the volume of the container, the
space between particles is reduced, and the pressure
exerted by their collisions increases. If the volume of the
container is held constant, but the temperature of the gas
increases, then the pressure will also increase. Gas
particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome
intermolecular forces that hold solids and liquids
together, thus a gas has no definite volume and no
definite shape
Plasma
Plasma is not a common state of matter here
on Earth, but may be the most common
state of matter in the universe. Plasma
consists of highly charged particles with
extremely high kinetic energy. The
noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton,
xenon and radon) are often used to make
glowing signs by using electricity to ionize
them to the plasma state. Stars are
essentially superheated balls of plasma.
 STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, like gases •
Plasma is the
have an indefinite
shape and an common state
indefinite volume. of matter
Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
Bose-Einstein condensates
In 1995, technology enabled scientists to
create a new state of matter, the Bose-
Einstein condensate (BEC). Using a
combination of lasers and magnets, Eric
Cornell and Carl Weiman cooled a sample of
rubidium to within a few degrees of absolute
zero.
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a group of atoms
cooled to within a hair of absolute zero. When
they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly
moving relative to each other; they have almost
no free energy to do so. At that point, the atoms
begin to clump together, and enter the same
energy states. They become identical, from a
physical point of view, and the whole group starts
behaving as though it were a single atom. 
 Changes of aggregation states

MELTING (FUSION)

SOLID FREEZING
LIQUID
VAPORIZATION
SUBLIMATION

CUAGULATION CONDENSATION

GAS

Susana Morales Bernal

CHANGE OF STATE WHAT IS IT?
Melting It is the change from a solid to a liquid. 
Freezing It is the change from a liquid to a solid. 
Vaporization It is the change from a liquid to a gas, to
the temperature of boiling and in all the
mass of the liquid.
Evaporation It is the change from a liquid to a gas, to
any temperature and in the surface of
the liquid.
Condensation It is the change from a gas to a liquid. 

Sublimation It is the change from a solid to a gas. 

CUAGULATION It is the change from a gas to a solid. 

Susana Morales Bernal

 States of matter
Any substance can exist as a solid material, liquid, or gas, depending
on the conditions of temperature or pressure.
Matter can change its own state when we heat it or when we cool it.

Solids + energy liquids (Melting)

     Liquids + energy gases (Vaporization and Evaporation)
     Liquids - energy solids (Freezing)
     Gases -  energy liquids (Condensation)
Susana Morales Bernal