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THE CELL
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able
to:
Identify and describe the structure and functions of the
different parts of the cell.
Compare the structure of plant, animal and bacterial cell.
Appreciate how cellular structures play a vital role in the
body functions.

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Early Microscopy and Observations
In 1590, Dutch spectacle-
maker Zacharias Janssen
made the first compound
microscope (one having
more than one lens to
magnify the image that can
magnify an image 30
times).
Early Microscopy and Observations
In 1665, Robert Hooke, a
physicist and curator of
instruments for the Royal
Society of London, examined
the structure of thinly sliced
cork under the microscope and
described small rectangular
compartments which he called
cellulae (Latin for small
chambers written in his
treatise Micrographia.)
Early Microscopy and Observations
In 1676, Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch
shopkeeper, examined pond
water sample and saw living
organisms (protozoa and
fungi), which he called
animalcules (small animals).
His single-lenses magnified
an image 200 times.
Development of the Cell Theory
In 1838, Matthias
Schleiden
determined that all
living plant tissue
was composed of
cells and that each
plant arose from a
single cell.
Development of the Cell Theory
In 1839, Theodor
Schwann came to
a similar
conclusion to
animals.
Development of the Cell Theory
In 1858, the cell
theory was refined by
German pathologist
Rudolf Virchow, who
concluded that “all
cells arise from cells”
and that the cell was
the basic unit of life.
 The Modern Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells. They may be
unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Energy flow occurs in cells.
Hereditary information (DNA) is passed on from cell to
cell.
All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a
cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. Cells
of prokaryotes are called prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic
cells do not have a nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess
a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material)
as well as membrane-bound organelles. Cells of
eukaryotes are called eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell

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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
BACTERIAL CELL
STRUCTURE
Flagella
Functions for motility
Fimbrae
finehairlike bristles from the cell surface
function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.
Pili
rigidtubular structure made of pilin protein
found only in Gram negative cells
Functions:
◦ joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer
(conjugation)
◦ adhesion
Pili
Glycocalyx
Coating of molecules external to the
cell wall, made of sugars and/or
proteins
2 types
 capsule - highly organized, tightly attached
 slime layer - loosely organized and attached
Functions
◦ attachment
◦ receptor
Glycocalyx
Slime Layer
A glycocalyx is considered a slime layer
when the glycoprotein molecules are
loosely associated with the cell wall.
Bacteria that are covered with this loose
shield are protected from dehydration and
loss of nutrients.
Capsule
The glycocalyx is considered a capsule when
the polysaccharides are more firmly attached
to the cell wall. Capsules have a gummy,
sticky consistency and provide protection as
well as adhesion to solid surfaces and to
nutrients in the environment.
Peptidoglycan
unique macromolecule composed of a repeating
framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by
short peptide fragments
provides strong, flexible support to keep bacteria
from bursting or collapsing because of changes in
osmotic pressure
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Consists of
◦ a thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan 20-80 nm
thick
◦ tightly bound acidic polysaccharides, including teichoic
acid and lipoteichoic acid
◦ cell membrane
Retain crystal violet and stain purple

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Gram Negative Cell Wall
Consists of
◦ an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)
◦ thin shell of peptidoglycan
◦ periplasmic space
◦ inner membrane
Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin
counterstain
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Chromosome
single,circular, double-stranded DNA
molecule that contains all the genetic
information required by a cell
DNA is tightly coiled around a protein,
aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid
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Mesosome
An invagination of the bacterial cell membrane.

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Plasmids
small circular, double-stranded DNA
free or integrated into the chromosome
duplicated and passed on to offspring
not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism
may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic
metals, enzymes & toxins
used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated &
transferred from cell to cell

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 Basic Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell
Plasma membrane
Glycocalyx (components external to the plasma
membrane)
Cytoplasm (semifluid)
Cytoskeleton - microfilaments and microtubules that
suspend organelles, give shape, and allow motion
Presence of characteristic membrane enclosed subcellular
organelles
A membrane-bound nucleus

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PLANT CELL
STRUCTURE

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Cell Wall
Functions for protection and support for the entire cell

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Cell Wall
Consists of the primary wall, middle lamella and
secondary wall
◦ Middle lamella – intercellular layer composed of
pectin. Pectin is a viscous and gelatinous
substance which acts as a cementing material to
hold the cells together.

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Cell Wall
Consists of the primary wall, middle lamella and
secondary wall
◦ Primary wall – consists mainly of bundles of
intertwined molecules of cellulose, cutin matrix and
waxes
◦ Secondary wall – produced and deposited between the
primary wall and the protoplast after cell enlargement
ceases and is composed mainly of cellulose and lignin.
Lignin is a complex material responsible for hardness
and decay-resisting qualities of many woods.
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Plasmodesmata
Protoplasmic connections which aid in the
movement of materials from one cell to another
Discovered by Eduard Tangle, it is a microscopic
channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells
enabling transport and communication between
them

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Plastids
Essential in food making and storage of food.

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 Types of Plastids
Proplastid – young plastids capable of
dividing, usually colorless
Chromoplastid – colored plastids
containing red, yellow or orange pigments
Chloroplastid – contain the green pigment
chlorophyll
Leucoplastid – colorless plastid and usually
functions for storage
 Amyloplastid – stores starch
 Elaioplastid – stores oil/fatty acid/lipid
 Aleurone plastid – stores protein 42
ANIMAL CELL
STRUCTURE

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Cell Membrane
Glycocalyx – cell coat made up of polysaccharide chitin.
It strengthens the surface of the cell and helps glue cells
together
Microvilli – evaginations or projections, microscopic
cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface
area of cells, and are involved in a wide variety of
functions, including absorption and secretion
Caveolae – small indentations in the plasma membrane

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Caveolae

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Centrioles
help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell
division

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ORGANELLES FOUND IN MOST
EUKARYOTES

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Ribosomes
Protein factories of the cell

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system of the cell
Includes the rough and smooth ER
Communicating channels of the cell

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has attached ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has no ribosomes attached
Involved in synthesis and breakdown of lipid and
carbohydrate

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Golgi Bodies/Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Complex
Also called Dictyosome
Modifies, packages and distributes molecules made at
one location of the cell and used at another.

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Lysosomes
Small membrane-bordered structures that contain
chemicals and enzymes necessary for digesting certain
materials in the cell.
They are formed in the Golgi bodies.
They are known as suicidal bags for they can destroy cell
structures that have outlived their usefulness.

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Microbodies
smallmembrane-bound organelle originating from the
endoplasmic reticulum containing enzymes.
◦ Peroxisomes – a type of microbody that protects the cell from
its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide.
◦ Glyoxisomes – found only in plant cells, involved in the
conversion of lipids to carbohydrates.
◦ Glycosome – host of glycolytic enzyme

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Mitochondrion
Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy
currency of the cell

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Cytoskeleton
composed of a variety of filaments and fibers that
support cell structure and drive cell movement.
◦ Microtubules – contain long thin cylindrical fibrils that provide
support for cell shape and help move organelles through the cell
and during cell division.
◦ Microfilament – contains actin for movement and support of
the cell. They also permit movement of the cytoplasm within
the cell called cytoplasmic streaming.

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Vacuoles
storematerials like water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates.

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Nucleus
Control center of the cell

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Nuclear Membrane
surrounds the nucleus.
It is also called nuclear envelope.

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Nucleoplasm
the liquid inside the nucleus.
It is also called Karyoplasm.

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Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes

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Chromosomes
thread-like structures that contains the genetic material.

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??????Cell Riddles?????

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