Marginalization

What is marginalization?
• It refers to treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or
peripheral.
• It is also known as Social Exclusion
• Social exclusion is the process in which individuals are blocked from
various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to
members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social
integration and observance of human rights within that particular group.
Types of exclusions
 1. Individual
exclusion
Social exclusion at the
individual level results
in an individual's
exclusion from
meaningful participation
in society.
• An example is the exclusion of single mothers
from the welfare system prior to welfare reforms
of the 1900s.
• The modern welfare system is based on the
concept of entitlement to the basic means of
being a productive member of society both as an
organic function of society and as compensation
for the socially useful labor provided.
• Another example of individual marginalization is the
exclusion of individuals with disabilities from the labor
force. Grandz discusses an employer's viewpoint about
hiring individuals living with disabilities as jeopardizing
productivity, increasing the rate of absenteeism, and
creating more accidents in the workplace
 • One example is the Aboriginal community in
Australia. The marginalization of Aboriginal
communities is a product of colonization. As a
2. Community result of colonialism, Aboriginal communities
lost their land, were forced into destitute areas,
exclusion lost their sources of livelihood, and were
excluded from the labor market
Many communities
experience social exclusion,
such as racial (e.g., black)
(e.g., Untouchables or Low
Castes or Dalits in Indian
Caste System ) and
economic (e.g., Romani)
communities.
.
 Features
• Social exclusion as a concept has 3 features –
1. It involves culturally-defined social categories, with associated cultural
perceptions, values and norms that shape social interaction.
2. It is embedded in social relations.
3. It affects people’s rights and entitlements, denying them the opportunities
they need to attain and maintain a universally acceptable standard of living
and to fulfil their potential.
 Exclusion due to Unemployment
• In modern societies, paid work
is not only the principal source
of income with which to buy
services but is also the fount of
individuals' identity and feeling
of self-worth. Most people's
social networks and a sense of
embeddedness in society also
revolves around their work.
 • Those who belong to socially
Social exclusion excluded groups are not affected
by a lack of resources ‘just like’
and poverty the rest of the poor. They face
particular discrimination in
Social exclusion has gaining access to these resources.
an undeniable impact For example, there may be a
on the poverty status clean water pump in a village but
of socially excluded those who are socially excluded
communities. may not be allowed access to it.
 Social exclusion and Religion
- Across societies, individuals and • Some religious traditions recommend
communities can be socially excommunication of individuals said to
excluded on the basis of their deviate from religious teaching, and in
religious beliefs. Social hostility some instances shunning by family
against religious minorities and members. Some religious organizations
communal violence occur in areas permit the censure of critics.
where governments do not have
policies restricting the religious
practice of minorities.
 • . A study by the Pew Research Center on
international religious freedom found
that 61% of countries have social
hostilities that tend to target religious
minorities..
The five highest social hostility 5
4.5 Social Exclusion Rates
scores were for Pakistan, India, 4
3.5

Sri Lanka, Iraq, and Bangladesh. 3

2.5

In 2015, Pew published that social 2

1.5
hostilities declined in 2013, but 1
0.5
Harassment of Jews increased 0
Pakistan India Sri Lanka Iraq Bangladesh Other countreis

Series 1 Column1 Column2

Consequences
 • . Amani Nuru-Jeter, a social
epidemiologist at the University of
California, Berkeley and other
1.Health doctors have been hypothesizing that
exposure to chronic stress may be
In gay men, results of psycho- one way racism contributes to health
emotional damage from disparities between racial groups
marginalization from a
heteronormative society include
suicide and drug addiction.
Scientists have been studying
the impact of racism on health.
• In 2006, there was research focused on possible connections between
exclusion and brain function. Studies published by both the University of
Georgia and San Diego State University found that exclusion can lead to
diminished brain functioning and poor decision making.
 • Marginalization of certain groups is a
problem in many economically more
developed countries where the majority

2. Economy
of the population enjoys considerable
economic and social opportunities
The problem of social exclusion
is usually tied to that of equal
opportunity, as some people are
more subject to such exclusion
than others.
 Conclusion
• There is an instant need to introduce and spread the concept of social
inclusion especially in a country like India. Otherwise the negative
impacts of social exclusion will keep on increasing
• Social inclusion, the converse of social exclusion, is affirmative action to
change the circumstances and habits that lead to (or have led to) social
exclusion. As the World Bank states, social inclusion is the process of
improving the ability, opportunity, and worthiness of people,
disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in society.
 References
• https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/poverty-and-social-exclusion-in-india/#:~:text=The%2
0report%20covers%20three%20select,fare%20poorly%20on%20some%20indicators
.
• 
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Marginalisation&oq=Marginalisation+&aqs
=chrome..69i57j0i433j0l8.10218j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
• 
• http://www.pacsindia.org/about_pacs/what-is-social-exclusion#:~:text=Social%20exclusion%20is%2
0a%20form%20of%20discrimination.&text=In%20India%2C%20social%20exclusion%20occurs,%2
C%20religion%2C%20gender%20and%20disability
.
• 
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion
Thank you Group 12
Mohit Bagchi
Madhav Barara
Ayush Sharma
Deeksha Kapri