Educationa

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Technolog
y
Unit
ETUlay Online Tutorial

Physical Science
Q4 Week 1 : Modern Astronomy & Examples of
Astronomical Phenomena Before the Advent of
Telescopes & Modern Astronomy
Quarter 4 Week 1
At the end of the session you will be able to;

• Explain how the Greeks knew that the Earth is spherical (S11/12PS -IVa -
38 )
• Cite examples of astronomical phenomena known to astronomers before
the advent of telescopes (S11/12PS -IVa -41)
• Explain how Brahe’s innovations and extensive collection of data in
observational astronomy paved the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws
of planetary motion (S11/12PS -IVa -44)
What I Know
 What I Know
1. They are much noted for their contribution in
different fields. They were not only great
philosophers but great scientists and
mathematician as well

KRGEES
GREEKS
 What I Know
2. It claims that the planets moved in a
complicated system of circles. This model also
became known as the Ptolemic System.

CIMELOTP LEDOM
PTOLEMIC MODEL
 What I Know
3. The shape of the Earth. It has bulging equator
and squeezed poles.

TOBALE RODIHSPE
OBLATE SPHEROID
 What I Know
4. It was believed to be in fixed position in the
sky. However, when the Greeks traveled to places
nearer the equator, like Egypt, they noticed that it
is closer to the horizon

THONR SRAT
NORTH STAR
 What I Know
5. A student of Plato and considered as one of the
greatest philosophers of his time; his earth-
centered view dominated for almost 2,000 years.

SARTITLOE
ARISTOTLE
Ancient Astronomy
What is It
• As early as 500 B.C., Greeks
already believed that the
Earth’s shape was round, not
flat.
• Pythagoras first proposed the
spherical earth
What is It
Earth’s true shape –
OBLATE SPHEROID
(bulging at the equator
and squeezed poles.
What is It
• Anaxagoras (in 500 to 430
B.C.), supported the spherical
earth idea of Pythagoras
• Anaxagoras observed that the
shadow Earth cast on the moon
during a lunar eclipse was
circular
What is It
Aristotle (around 340 B.C.)
included the following in his
argument supporting a
Spherical Earth:
What is It
• position of the North Star
• the shape of the moon and
the Sun
• ships disappearing over the
horizon
What is It
How did the ancient Greeks
come up with the
measurement of the
spherical Earth?
What is It
Eratosthenes measured the
Earth’s circumference with
a stick and a knowledge of
the distance from
Alexandria to Syene.
What is It
What is It
• The angle of a shadow casted by a stick at noon on
the summer solstice in Alexandria was about 7.2
degrees (1/50 of a complete circle)
• Distance of Alexandria to Syene is 500 miles)
• He computed the circumference of the Earth to be
approximately 40,000 kilometers
Greek Astronomers
Anaxagoras explained the
causes of the phases of the
moon
Greek Astronomers
Eudoxus proposed that
the Sun, moon and five
known planets and the
stars are attached to fixed
spheres that revolved
around the stationary
Earth.
Greek Astronomers
Hipparchus made a
compilation of 850 stars
and developed a method for
predicting lunar eclipses.
Greek Astronomers
Claudius Ptolemy proposed
the geocentric model
(Ptolemic system) that says
the Sun, moon and other
planets move in circular
orbits around the Earth
Greek Astronomers
Astronomical Phenomena Before the Advent
of Telescopes
Rising and Setting of the Sun
Babylonian and
Egyptians used a
gnomon in
systematically
observing the motion
of the sun.
Phases of the Moon
Lunar Eclipses
Solar Eclipses
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars

Diurnal Motion is is the daily motion of the

sun, moon, stars and planets that appear to
appear to move across the sky
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars

Annual Motion is the apparent yearly

movement of stars as observed from Earth as a
direct effect of the Earth’s revolution around
the sun
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars

Precession of the Equinoxes refers to the

observable phenomena of the rotation of the
heavens which spans a period of 25, 920 years.
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars
Planets discovered before the telescopes

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are

the planets discovered before the invention of
the telescope.
Modern Astronomy
Tycho Brahe was a
Danish astronomer
and nobleman who
made accurate
observations of the
movement of
celestial bodies
Modern Astronomy
Johannes Kepler
was a German
astronomer,
mathematician and
astrologer who was
Brahe’s assistant.
Modern Astronomy
Brahe and Kepler
had an unsteady
working relationship
Modern Astronomy
Brahe’s data enabled
Kepler to formulate his
laws of planetary motion
Modern Astronomy
Law of Ellipses –
planets follow an oval or
an ellipse orbit.
Modern Astronomy
Law of Equal Access –
the imaginary line
drawn from the center of
the Sun to the center of
the planet sweeps out an
equal area of space in
equal time intervals
Modern Astronomy
Law of Harmonies –
the square of a planet’s
orbital period is
proportional to the cube
of a planet’s average
distance from the sun.
 Modern Astronomy

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