Chapter 1 Information Representation

YEAR-12 COMPUTER SCIENCE
CHAPTER- INFORMATION REPRESENTATION

TOPIC: DATA REPRESENTATION
TERM 1 – WEEK 2
BY: MR HAMAD
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ICT/HUMANITIES AND E-LEARNING CO.
9618 SYLLABUS CONTENT:
1.1 Data Representation

Ss should be able to:
 Show understanding of the basis of different number systems
 Convert an integer value from one number base / representation to another
 Perform binary addition & binary subtraction
 Show understanding of binary magnitudes and the difference between binary prefixes and decimal prefixes
 Understand the difference between and use:
• kibi and kilo
• mebi and mega
• gibi and giga
• tebi and tera
 Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number bases and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) one’s and two’s
complement representation for binary numbers (using positive and negative binary integers)
 Describe practical applications where Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and Hexadecimal are used
 Show understanding of how overflow can occur
 Familiarize with ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), extended ASCII and Unicode.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ss will be able to :
Understand the basis of different number
HOOK ACTIVITY
systems
Convert an integer value from one number base
/ representation to another
Show understanding of binary magnitudes and
the difference between binary prefixes and
decimal prefixes
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number
bases and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and You have 5 minutes to discuss,
one’s and two’s complement representation for
binary numbers
Perform Binary addition and subtraction How computers see and understand data.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode How computers store data in KB, MB and GB?
I can solve conversion problems How computer see alphabets that we type in computer?
I can explain binary, denary and hex uses.
I can define denary & Binary prefixes.
I can Perform binary addition & subtraction
I can Provide applications of BCD, ASCII
& Unicode.
I can represent signed and unsigned integers
in binary using 2’s complement
KEY VOCABULARY
Binary, Hexadecimal, Denary, Bit, Byte, Kilo
and KibiByte, Mega and MebiByte, Giga and
GibiByte, Tera and Tebibyte, BCD (Binary
Coded Decimal), ASCII, Unicode, 1s & 2’s
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ss will be able to : WATCH ME
systems
decimal prefixes
bases and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and
binary numbers
Perform Binary addition and subtraction
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode
I can solve conversion problems

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
HELP ME
Expand 2021 in base 10
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ss will be able to : WATCH ME
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
SHOW ME
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
WATCH ME
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems SHOW ME
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
WATCH ME
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
SHOW ME
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
WATCH ME
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
SHOW ME
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
BITS AND BYTES Bits can be grouped together to
make them easier to work with.
systems
A group of 8 bits is called a
byte.
/ representation to another Other groupings include:
decimal prefixes Nibble - 4 bits (half a byte)
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number Byte - 8 bits
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
Denary prefixes VS Binary Prefixes
decimal prefixes
1 kilobyte = 1000 byte = 103 Bytes
binary numbers
1 megabyte = 1000000 bytes = 106 Bytes
Perform Binary addition and subtraction 1 gigabyte = 1000000000 bytes = 109 Bytes
SUCCESS CRITERIA

1 terabyte = 1000000000000 bytes = 1012 Bytes
VS
I can Perform binary addition & subtraction 1 kibibyte (1 KiB) = 1024 bytes = 210 Bytes
& Unicode. 1 mebibyte (1 MiB) = 1048576 bytes = 220 Bytes
in binary using 2’s complement 1 gibibyte (1 GiB) = 1073741824 bytes = 230 Bytes
KEY VOCABULARY
1 tebibyte (1 TiB) = 1099511627776 bytes = 240 Bytes
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
USE OF BINARY SYSTEM
Convert an integer value from one number
base / representation to another
Show understanding of binary magnitudes
and the difference between binary prefixes
and decimal prefixes Example use of binary
one’s and two’s complement representation
A register is a group of bits, often depicted as:
for binary numbers
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
SUCCESS
• Robotics
Understand BCD, CRITERIA
ASCII and Unicode
• Digital instruments
I can Perform binary addition &
subtraction • Counting systems
& Unicode.
I can represent signed and unsigned
integers in binary using 2’s complement
KEY VOCABULARY
Binary, Hexadecimal, Denary, Bit, Byte,
Kilo and KibiByte, Mega and MebiByte,
Giga and GibiByte, Tera and Tebibyte,
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal), ASCII,
Unicode, 1s & 2’s Compliment
HELP ME
• What would the register contain if only motor C was ON
and the motors were turning in a BACKWARDS
direction?
• What would the register contain if motor B and motor C
were both ON but B was turning in a backward
direction and C was turning in a forward direction?
• What would be the effect if the register contained the
following?1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
USE OF HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
systems
Convert an integer value from one number base Memory Dump
Show understanding of binary magnitudes and Hexadecimal is used
decimal prefixes  in developing new software
 to trace errors in program ( DEBUGGING)
binary numbers
Perform Binary addition and subtraction It is easier to work with B5A41AFC rather than
SUCCESS CRITERIA
1011-1001-1010-0100-0001-1010-1111-1100
I can define denary & Binary prefixes. The contents of part of the computer memory can hold the key to solve many problems. When
I can Perform binary addition & subtraction memory contents are output to printer and monitor, this is known as MEMORY DUMP .
& Unicode.  Program developer can look at each of the hexadecimal codes and determine where the error lies.
I can represent signed and unsigned integers This is more manageable than binary.
 It is a powerful fault tracing tool but requires considerable knowledge of computer architecture.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ss will be able to : HTML ( HYPERTEXT MARK-UP
systems LANGUAGE))
Convert an integer value from one number
base / representation to another
Show understanding of binary magnitudes  Used while writing and developing web pages.
and the difference between binary prefixes
and decimal prefixes
 It’s a mark-up language and is used in processing, definition and presentation
one’s and two’s complement representation of the text.
for binary numbers
Perform Binary addition and subtraction  HTML code is often used to represent colours of text on screen.
SUCCESS
Understand BCD, CRITERIA
ASCII and Unicode
I can solve conversion problems  The different intensity of primary colours is determined by hexadecimal
value. R G B
I can Perform binary addition &  # FF 00 00 – RED FF 00 00
subtraction
& Unicode.
 # 00 FF 00 – GREEN 00 FF 00
I can represent signed and unsigned
 # 00 00 FF – BLUE 00 00 FF
integers in binary using 2’s complement
KEY VOCABULARY
Binary, Hexadecimal, Denary, Bit, Byte,
Kilo and KibiByte, Mega and MebiByte,
Giga and GibiByte, Tera and Tebibyte,
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal), ASCII,
Unicode, 1s & 2’s Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ss will be able to : MAC ( MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL)
systems
decimal prefixes
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number  MAC address is a number that uniquely identifies a device on the internet.
binary numbers  MAC address refers to the NIC which is part of the device.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode  MAC is made up of 48 bits, shown in 6 groups of hexadecimal numbers
NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
First half determine the number of the manufacturer
& Unicode.
Second half determines the serial number of the device.
e.g. 00-1c-b3-4f-25-fe
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ASSEMBLY CODE AND MACHINE CODE
systems
the difference between binary prefixes and  Computer memory can be referred to directly using machine code or assembly code.
decimal prefixes
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number  This can have many advantages to program developers or when carrying out
one’s and two’s complement representation for troubleshooting.
binary numbers
Perform Binary addition and subtraction  Hexadecimal makes it much easier, faster and less error prone to write code
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode compared to binary.
I can solve conversion problems  Using true machine code (which uses binary) is very cumbersome and it takes a long
time to key in the values. It is also very easy to mistype the digits in a ‘sea of 1s and
0s’.
I can Provide applications of BCD, ASCII Example: STO FFA4 (assembly code)
& Unicode.
I can represent signed and unsigned integers A5E4 FFA4 (machine code using hexadecimal values)
1010 0101 1110 0100 1111 1111 1010 0100 (machine code using binary)
KEY VOCABULARY
Machine code and assembly code are examples of low-level languages and are used by
GibiByte, Tera and Tebibyte, BCD (Binary software developers when producing, for example, computer games
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
WEB ADDRESS
systems
decimal prefixes
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number  Each character used on a keyboard has an ASCII CODE (AMERICAN STANDARD
one’s and two’s complement representation for CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE).
binary numbers
Perform Binary addition and subtraction  These codes can be represented using hexadecimal values or decimal values.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
 A good example of the use of ASCII codes is the representation of a web address (or
URL, which stands for uniform resource locator) such as www.hodder.co.uk which
becomes (using hexadecimal values):
& Unicode.
 (Note: the % sign is used to denote that hexadecimal is being used.)

KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
BINARY ADDITION
decimal prefixes
Adding binary numbers
binary numbers
Adding binary numbers is similar to adding denary
Perform Binary addition and subtraction numbers.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Example: Adding the binary numbers 11 and 100
I can explain binary, denary and hex uses. Write the numbers out using the column method. Start from
the right, and simply add the numbers.
I can Provide applications of BCD, ASCII 111 is 7 if converted back to denary
& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ss will be able to : Example: Adding two 1’s in same column
systems
Sometimes a binary addition will require you to carry
decimal prefixes over values into the next highest place value column,
e.g. when finding the sum of the binary numbers 0010
binary numbers
and 0111:
SUCCESS CRITERIA
There is a clash when adding two ones in the same
column. In binary, 1+1 is 10 - it must become 0 with 1
I can define denary & Binary prefixes. carried over.
& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
1001 is 9 if converted back to denary. 2 + 7 = 9 in
Compliment denary.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE HELP ME
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
OVERFLOW
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode  A CPU with a capacity of 8 bits has a capacity of up to 11111111 in
I can solve conversion problems binary. If one more bit is added there would be an overflow
error.
I can Perform binary addition & subtraction Example: 8-bit overflow
& Unicode.  An example of an 8-bit overflow occurs in the binary sum 11111111
in binary using 2’s complement + 1 (denary: 255 + 1)
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
The total is a number bigger than 8 digits, and
when this happens the CPU drops the overflow
digit because the computer cannot store it
anywhere, and the computer thinks 255 + 1 = 0.
Overflow errors happen when the largest number

that a register can hold is exceeded.
The number of bits that it can handle is called the
WORD SIZE
Most CPUs use a much bigger word size than 8
bits. Many PCs have a 64-bit CPU. A 64-bit CPU
can handle numbers larger than 18 quintillion
(18,446,744,073,709,551,615 to be precise).
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
BINARY SUBTRACTION
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TWO’S COMPLIMENT
systems
decimal prefixes  Another method of representing signed numbers is two's complement. Most
computers use this method to represent negative numbers. This method can be more
binary numbers
effective when performing mathematical operations like adding and subtracting.
 With two's complement, the bit at the far left of the bit pattern - the most significant
SUCCESS CRITERIA
bit or MSB - is used to indicate positive or negative and the remaining bits are used
to store the actual size of the number. Positive numbers always start with a 0.
I can define denary & Binary prefixes.  Four-bit, positive, two's complement numbers would be 0000 = 0, 0001 = 1, up to
0111 = 7. The smallest positive number is the smallest binary value.
& Unicode.
 Negative numbers always start with a 1. The smallest negative number is the largest
in binary using 2’s complement binary value. 1111 is -1, 1110 is -2, 1101 is -3, etc down to 1000 which represents -8.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
USING 2’S
COMPLEMENT Examples
1. Find the positive binary Find -1 using two's complement
FOR NEGATIVE value for the negative numbers
BINARY number you want to 1 = 001
NUMBERS represent.
Adding 0 to the front becomes 0001
2. Add a 0 to the front of the
'Inverted' becomes 1110 (one’s
number, to indicate that it compliment)
is positive.
Add 1 = 1111 (-8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = -1)
3. Invert or find the
Find -4 using two's complement
complement of each bit in
numbers
the number.
4 = 100
4. Add 1 to this number.
Adding 0 to the front becomes 0100
'Inverted' becomes 1011
Add 1 = 1100 (-8 + 4 = -4)
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
BINARY SUBTRACTION
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
NEGATIVE NUMBERS: SIGN &
systems
MAGNITUDE
Show understanding of binary magnitudes and  Computers sometimes need to work with negative numbers..
decimal prefixes One way to represent negative numbers is through sign and magnitude.
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number  bit at the far left of the bit pattern is the sign bit - indicates whether the number is positive or negative.
binary numbers
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 LS
Perform Binary addition and subtraction MS B
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode B 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
I can explain binary, denary and hex uses. Sign
I can define denary & Binary prefixes. Bit Magnitude
& Unicode. the first bit, 1, indicates a negative number
I can represent signed and unsigned integers the other seven bits indicate the number, 01111101 = -128+32+16+8+4+2+1 = -67
 The smallest possible number using this method of representation is -127 (or 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) and the largest
KEY VOCABULARY possible number is +127 (or 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 )
and KibiByte, Mega and MebiByte, Giga and  -1 is represented as ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 )
Coded Decimal), ASCII, Unicode, 1s & 2’s  1111 is -1, 1110 is -2, 1101 is -3, etc down to 1000 which represents -8.
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
SHOW ME
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD)
Show understanding of binary magnitudes and  The BCD code uses four bits (a nibble) to represent a denary digit. A four-bit code
decimal prefixes can represent 16 different values so there is scope for a variety of schemes
bases and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and  If a denary number with more than one digit is to be converted to BCD there has to
binary numbers be a group of four bits for each denary digit.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode  There are two options for BCD;
1. The first is to store one BCD code in one byte leaving four bits unused.
I can define denary & Binary prefixes. 2. The other option is packed BCD where two 4-bit codes are stored in one byte.
 Thus, for example, the denary digits 8503 could be represented by either of the
& Unicode.
codes shown
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
APPLICATIONS OF BCD
systems
decimal prefixes
 Screen of a calculator or digital time
display (where denary digits are to be
binary numbers
displayed)
Perform Binary addition and subtraction  currency values ($300.25 it is as a fixed-
SUCCESS CRITERIA
point decimal number)
I can explain binary, denary and hex uses.  NOTE: BCD is not the same as hex.
I can define denary & Binary prefixes. Whereas a 4-bit hexadecimal
number is valid up to F (binary 1111,
& Unicode. decimal 15), binary coded decimal
I can represent signed and unsigned integers numbers stop at 9 (binary 1001)
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
ASCII
 If text is to be stored in a computer, it is necessary to have a coding scheme
decimal prefixes
that provides a unique binary code for each distinct individual component
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number item of the text.
binary numbers  Such a code is referred to as a character code.
Perform Binary addition and subtraction The scheme which has been used for the longest time is the ASCII
SUCCESS CRITERIA
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) coding scheme.
I can explain binary, denary and hex uses.  This is an internationally agreed standard. There are some variations on
I can define denary & Binary prefixes. ASCII coding schemes but the major one is the 7-bit code. It is customary to
I can Perform binary addition & subtraction present the codes in a table for which a few different designs have been
& Unicode. used.
 The full table shows the 27 (128) different codes available for a 7-bit code.
You should not try to remember any of the individual codes but there are
KEY VOCABULARY
Binary, Hexadecimal, Denary, Bit, Byte, Kilo certain aspects of the coding scheme which you need to understand.
Compliment
Firstly, majority of the codes are for printing or graphic characters. However, the first few
codes represent non-printing or control characters. These were introduced to assist in data
transmission or in entering data at a computer terminal. It is fair to say that these codes have
very limited use in the modern computer world, so they need no further consideration.
Secondly, the obvious types of character that could be used in a text, based on the
English language have been included. Specifically, there are upper- and lower-case
letters, punctuation symbols, numerals and arithmetic symbols in the coding tables.
It is worth emphasizing here that these codes for numbers are exclusively for use in
the context of stored, displayed or printed text. All the other coding schemes for
numbers are for internal use in a computer system and would not be used in a text.
There are some special features that make the coding scheme easy to use in certain circumstances. The first is that the
codes for numbers and for letters are in sequence in each case so that, for example, if 1 is added to the code for seven
the code for eight is produced . The second is that the codes for the upper-case letters differ from the codes for the
corresponding lower-case letters only in the value of bit 5. This makes conversion of upper case to lower case, or the
reverse, a simple operation.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
UNICODE
systems
Convert an integer value from one number base  Despite still being widely used, the ASCII codes are far from adequate for many purposes.
 Unicode is an international encoding standard for use with different languages and scripts.
decimal prefixes  It works by providing a unique number for every character, this creates a consistent encoding,
Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number representation, and handling of text.
binary numbers
 Unicode is like a Universal Alphabet that covers most different languages across the world, it
Perform Binary addition and subtraction transforms characters into numbers.
SUCCESS CRITERIA
Understand BCD, ASCII and Unicode  It achieves this by using character encoding, which is to assign a number to every character
I can solve conversion problems that can be used.
 The aim of Unicode is to be able to represent any possible text in code form. This includes all languages
in the world. However, Unicode is designed so that once a coding set has been defined it is never
I can Perform binary addition & subtraction changed. In particular, the first 128 characters in Unicode are the ASCII codes.
& Unicode.  Unicode has its own special terminology. For example, a character code is referred to as a 'code point’.
I can represent signed and unsigned integers  An example is U+0041 which is the code point for alphabetic character A.
 The 0041 are hexadecimal characters representing two bytes.
KEY VOCABULARY
 The most significant bit for an ASCII code is always 0, so neither of the two-byte representations here
GibiByte, Tera and Tebibyte, BCD (Binary can cause confusion.
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
systems
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
PLENARY
systems
Solve the topical past paper assignment to reinforce the concepts
decimal prefixes
binary numbers
SUCCESS CRITERIA

& Unicode.
KEY VOCABULARY
Compliment

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YEAR-12 COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHAPTER- INFORMATION REPRESENTATION

1.1 Data Representation

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

 (Note: the % sign is used to denote that hexadecimal is being used.)

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

Overflow errors happen when the largest number

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

I can solve conversion problems

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