Data Collection and Sampling

Techniques

Skezeer John B. Paz

Notre Dame of Marbel University
 Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 identify the different data collection methods;
 differentiate probability sampling from non-probability
sampling;
 identify the different probability sampling techniques and
non-probability sampling techniques;
 use Slovin’s formula in finding the minimum sample size
needed for a given margin of error and population size;
 construct frequency distribution table; and
 discuss the different data presentation methods.
 Data Collection

1. Interview Method
 researcher makes direct and personal contact with
the interviewee, and gathers data by asking series of
questions

2. Questionnaire Method
 researcher uses questionnaires

3. Registration Method
 governed by existing laws
 researcher gathers data from offices (ex: NSO,
COMELEC, Brgy. Hall, etc.)
 Data Collection

4. Experimental Method
 find out the cause and effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled conditions

5. Observation Method
 observing subjects individually or by group

6. Texting Method
 uses texting as a channel of information
 Sampling Techniques
A. Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
 Random samples are selected by using chance methods or
random numbers.
2. Systematic Sampling
 Researchers obtain systematic samples by numbering each
subject of the population and then selecting every k th
subject.
3. Stratified Random Sampling
a) Simple Stratified Random Sampling
− Separating the lists of subgroups from a population
and simply drawing randomly the desired sample
size from each subgroup.
b) Stratified Proportional Random Sampling
− Used when the proportions of subgroups are
grossly unequal. Each group is called stratum.
 Sampling Techniques
A. Probability Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
 An advantageous procedure when the population is
spread out over a wide geographical area. Clusters
refers to an intact group which has a common
characteristic.
5. Multi-stage Sampling
 A more complex sampling technique with the
following steps in the selection of sample size
a. Divide the population into strata
b. Divide each stratum into clusters
c. Draw a sample from each cluster using a simple
random technique
 Sampling Techniques

B. Non-probability Sampling
1. Purposive Sampling – based on subject judgment
2. Convenience Sampling – selected samples are
conveniently available
3. Quota Sampling – used to improve representativeness
of samples who possess the factor or characteristic
which the researcher intends to measure
4. Snowball Sampling – used when samples are difficult
to identify and when there is an inadequate information
for making the sample frame
5. Networking Sampling – used to find socially devalued
urban populations (addicts, alcoholics, child abusers,
and criminals who are usually hidden from outsiders)
 Determining the Sample Size

Slovin’s Formula
Sample Size (n) =

n = sample size N = population size e = margin of error

Example:
A group of researchers was tasked by the House of
Representatives to survey whether students in Metro Manila
favor the moving of the start of classes from June to August.
If there are 1,000,000 students and 10% margin of error is
expected, compute the sample size.

Answer: n = 100
 Presentation of Data

1. Array Form Method

− arranging scores from lowest to highest or highest to
lowest

2. Textual Form Method

− data gathered are in paragraph form
− combination of texts and figures

3. Tabular Form Method

− uses rows and columns

4. Frequency Distribution Table

− organizes raw data in table form using classes and
frequencies
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Example 1:
The following are the scores of students in 20-item Statistics Quiz.
2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 5 4 9 9
11 12 8 1 8 5 7 14 5 17
5 19 11 3 7 14 12 10 16 7
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution
1. Determine the range using the formula :
Range = highest score - lowest score.

2. Determine the number of class intervals or categories desired

using the formula:
Number of class intervals = 1 + 3.3 log n
for a sample size n (always round up to whole number).
The ideal number of class intervals is somewhere between 5
and 15.

3. Determine the approximate size of the class interval by using

the formula:
Class size =
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution
4. Write the class intervals starting with the lowest lower limit as
determined by the researcher’s choice. The upper limit is
determined by the size of the class interval minus 1.
Subsequent classes shall be obtained by the same manner.

5. Determine the class frequencies for each class interval by

referring to the tally column.
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Example 1:
The following are the scores of students in 20-item Statistics Quiz.
2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 5 4 9 9
11 12 8 1 8 5 7 14 5 17
5 19 11 3 7 14 12 10 16 7

Step 1: Range = Highest score - Lowest score = 19 - 1 = 18

Step 2: Class Interval = 1 + 3.3 log n
= 1 + 3.3 log 40
6.29 or 7 (rounded up always!)
Step 3: Class Size = = 2.57 or 3
(follow rounding rule)
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
The following are the scores of students in 20-item Statistics Quiz.
2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 5 4 9 9
11 12 8 1 8 5 7 14 5 17
5 19 11 3 7 14 12 10 16 7

Class Interval Tally Frequency

Step 4:
1-3
4-6
7-9
10 - 12
13 - 15
16 - 18
19 - 21
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
The following are the scores of students in 20-item Statistics Quiz.
2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 5 4 9 9
11 12 8 1 8 5 7 14 5 17
5 19 11 3 7 14 12 10 16 7

Class Interval Tally Frequency

Step 5:
1-3 IIII 4
4-6 IIII - IIII 9
7-9 IIII - IIII - I 11
10 - 12 IIII - I 6
13 - 15 IIII 5
16 - 18 IIII 4
19 - 21 I 1
Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Example 2:
The following are the Statistics quiz scores of 50 students.
51 65 68 87 76 56 69 75 89 80
61 66 73 86 79 70 71 54 87 78
68 74 66 88 77 67 73 64 90 77
72 52 67 86 79 74 59 70 89 85
55 63 74 82 84 57 68 72 81 83
Presentation of Data
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Example 1:
Class Interval Frequency <cf >cf
1-3 4 4 40
4-6 9 13 36
7-9 11 24 27
10 - 12 6 30 16
13 - 15 5 35 10
16 - 18 4 39 5
19 - 21 1 40 1
Presentation of Data
Class Marks and Class Boundaries
Example 1:
Class Interval Frequency Class Mark Class Boundaries
1-3 4 2 0.5 - 3.5
4-6 9 5 3.5 - 6.5
7-9 11 8 6.5 - 9.5
10 - 12 6 11 9.5 - 12.5
13 - 15 5 14 12.5 - 15.5
16 - 18 4 17 15.5 - 18.5
19 - 21 1 20 18.5 - 21.5

Midpoint or Class Mark =

Presentation of Data
Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
Exercise:
Using the following data. Complete the table below.
The following are the Statistics quiz scores of 50 students.
51 65 68 87 76 56 69 75 89 80
61 66 73 86 79 70 71 54 87 78
68 74 66 88 77 67 73 64 90 77
72 52 67 86 79 74 59 70 89 85
55 63 74 82 84 57 68 72 81 83

Class Class
Class Interval Tally Frequency Mark Boundaries <cf >cf

...
 Graphs of Frequency Distribution

1. Frequency Polygon
− use a line to connect any two consecutive points
 Graphs of Frequency Distribution

2. Histogram
− uses bars of various heights to represent the
frequencies.
 Graphs of Frequency Distribution

3. Pareto Chart
− is a bar graph of a frequency distribution used for
categorical variable.
 Graphs of Frequency Distribution

4. Ogive
− line graph formed by plotting the cumulative
frequencies against the class boundaries and
connecting all the consecutive points by straight lines.
 Graphs of Frequency Distribution

5. Pie Chart or Circle Graph

− used to show the breakdowns of component parts of
a whole for categorical variables.

Sales

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
 Stem-and-Leaf Plot

6. Stem-and-Leaf Plot
− is a data plot that uses part of the data value as the
stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form
groups or classes.
Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Example
Construct frequency polygon, histogram, ogive, pie
chart and stem-and-leaf chart for the following data:
The following are the scores of students in 20-item Statistics Quiz.
2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 5 4 9 9
11 12 8 1 8 5 7 14 5 17
5 19 11 3 7 14 12 10 16 7
Class Interval Frequency
1-3 4
4-6 9
7-9 11
10 - 12 6
13 - 15 5
16 - 18 4
19 - 21 1
Exercise
Construct frequency polygon, histogram, ogive, pie
chart and stem-and-leaf chart for the following data:

The following are the Statistics quiz scores of 50 students.

51 65 68 87 76 56 69 75 89 80
61 66 73 86 79 70 71 54 87 78
68 74 66 88 77 67 73 64 90 77
72 52 67 86 79 74 59 70 89 85
55 63 74 82 84 57 68 72 81 83