Statistics

Order of Presentation

● Pictograph
● Bar chart
● Pie chart
● Line graph
PICTOGRAPH
In mathematics, a pictograph, also known as a pictogram, is the pictorial representation of
data using images, icons, or symbols. We can represent the frequency of data while using
symbols or images that are relevant using a pictograph. Pictographs are one of the
simplest ways of representing data. A key is often always included in a pictograph that
indicates what each icon or image represents. The advantages of pictographs is that they're
easy to read.
When is it appropriate to use a pictograph?
● You can use a pictograph whenever you want to make simple data more visually
interesting, more memorable, or more engaging. Whether you want to show the magnitude
of an important stat or visualize a fraction or percentage, you can use pictographs to add
visual impact to simple data.
How is the pictograph drawn/ constructed ?
● First, you would collect the data that you want to represent on the pictograph.
● Second, you would Pick a symbol or picture that accurately represents your data.
● Third, Assign a Key
● Next, Draw the two columns that represent the category and the data. Then draw the
actual symbols that represent the frequencies.
● Lastly, Review your data.
Bar Chart
● A bar chart is a diagram that displays data in numerical values of variables using
rectangular bars or columns. These rectangular bars have different heights proportional to
the values they represent. A bar chart usually compares different categories of data and can
be plotted vertically or horizontally. The horizontal x-axis represents the categories while
the vertical y-axis represents the values. A bar chart is commonly used to compare and
contrast numbers, frequencies or other measures of distinct categories of data.
Bar Chart Representations
When is it appropriate to use a bar chart?
● When trying to measure change over time, bar graphs are best when the changes
are larger.
How is the bar chart drawn/ constructed ?

● On a graph, draw two lines perpendicular to each other, intersecting at 0.

● The horizontal line is x-axis and vertical line is y-axis.
● Along the horizontal axis, choose the uniform width of bars and uniform gap between
the bars and write the names of the data items whose values are to be marked.
● Along the vertical axis, choose a suitable scale in order to determine the heights of the
bars for the given values. (Frequency is taken along y-axis).
● Calculate the heights of the bars according to the scale chosen and draw the bars.
Pie chart
A pie chart is a type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each
represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts display data in a circular graph and
the slices of pie show the relative size of the data.
When is it appropriate to use a pie chart?
Pie charts are best to use when you are trying to compare parts of a whole. Pie charts
can be used to show percentages of a whole, and represent percentages at a set point in
time. Unlike bar graphs and line graphs, pie charts do not show change over time.
How is the pie chart drawn/ constructed ?

● To construct a pie chart you need to work out the fraction of the total that the sector
represents.

● Then convert this to an angle and draw the sector on the chart.
LINE GRAPH
● A line graph also known as line chart, shows data changes over time.We plot line
graphs using several points connected by straight lines.

● Has two axes: X and Y axis, The horizontal axis is known as the x axis and vertical
axis known as the y axis.

● Title: tells about the data for each line graph is plotted.
● x-axis: tells about labels on x-axis, which is generally time.
● y-axis: tells about labels on y-axis which is generally a quantity in numbers
Drawing a Line Graph
● Draw the x-axis and y-axis on the graph paper. Make sure to write the title above the
table so that it determines the purpose of the graph.
● For instance, if one of the factors is time, it goes on the horizontal axis, referred to as
the x-axis. The other factor would subsequently go on the vertical axis, which is
known as the y-axis. Label both the axes as per their respective factors. For example,
we can label the x-axis as time or day.
● Afterward, with the help of the already given data, point out the exact values on the
graph. Once you join the points, you can make a clear inference about the trend.
When is it appropriate to use a line graph?

● When smaller changes exist, line graphs are better to use than bar graphs. Line
graphs can also be used to compare changes over the same period of time for more
than one group.
Below is a graph showing Pushups done within a week
Questions- ( Pictograph )

1. How many children chose cheese?

2. Least favorite flavor?

Questions - (Bar Graph)
1. What is the least favorite type of
movie ?

2. What is the difference between the

amount of persons who chose
comedy and drama ?
Questions- (Pie Chart)

1. How many persons voted for

young?

2. Who is the least voted person?

Questions- ( line graph )
1. On which day was the least
amount of push ups done?

2. On which two days were the same

amount of pushups done?