GEN. BIO 1 Lesson 1

FOUNDATION OF
LIFE
 Invention of the Microscope and the
Discovery of the Cell
 The Cell Theory
 The Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Lesson Objective/s
 Determine the events that led to
the cell theory.
 Relate the events that led to the
invention of the first
microscopes.
 Cite important notions or ideas
between biogenesis and
abiogenesis theory
FOUNDATION OF LIFE
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All living things are made up of
one or more cells. Living things
that are made up of one cell only,
such as bacteria and protozoa, are Ex. Streptococcus Pneumoniae,
a bacterium
called unicellular organisms,
whereas those that are made up of
many cells, such as plants and
animals, are called multicellular
organisms.
FELIS CATUS: CAT

The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of the Cell
 Before the microscope was invented, the Romans already invented
and experimented with glasses during the first century. One of these
glass samples involved a piece that had thick middle and thin edges.
They discovered that small objects become larger when viewed
through this glass sample. This became the earliest form of a lens.
 (The word lens is derived from the Latin word lentil, because it is
closely resembled the shape of the lentil bean).
These lenses were not fully utilized until the 13 th century, when they
were finally used in eyeglass production
Zacharias Janssen
Around 1595, the first compound
microscope was invented by
Zacharias Janssen (1580-1638). It is
believed that Zacharias probably had
help from his father, Hans, because he
was still young at that time. They made
these microscopes by placing several
lenses together, and discovered that
objects were further enlarged upon
viewing.
Robert Hooke
In 1665, Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
examined a thin slice of cork under
the microscope that he built. He was
able to see and observe small
compartments of the cork. He initially
named the small compartments cellula
because they reminded him of the “little
rooms” in the monastery. These
eventually became known as cells.
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723) created a
microscope with a much
higher magnification than the
microscope that Hooke used.
Leeuwenhoek used his
microscope to observe
specimens such as bacteria,
blood cells, and protists
CELL
THEORY
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
(1804-1881)was a professor
of botany at the University of
Jena, Germany. Published his
research in 1838, which was
based on several years of
studying different types of
plants under the microscope
Theodor Schwann (1810-
1882) was a professor of
physiology at the
University of Louvain,
Belgium. Published his
research a year later, based
on his study of several
slides of animal cells.
Their researches became the bases of the first two
postulates of the cell theory:
1.All organisms are made up of cells.
2.The basic unit of life is the cell.
The first two postulates support the idea that the cell
is the foundation of life. All organisms have one or
more cells. No organism can exist without a cell that
will support its body processes that it needs to
survive.
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow
The last postulate was eventually proven
by Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow in
1858. Virchow, upon studying how cells
played a role in body diseases at that
time, noticed that the existence of
diseases in the organs and tissues come
from affected cells. From this, he stated
omnis cellula e cullela, which means
that all cells arise from preexisting
cells
Robert Remak
It was believed, however, that

the discovery was initially made
by Robert Remak, a Jewish
scientist, in 1855, when he tried
to prove the idea of cell division
by hardening the cell membrane.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
• The cell theory had greatly disproved the theory of
spontaneous generation, which states that organisms
can come from nonliving sources. The theory of
spontaneous generation was generally accepted until
the 19th century. The cell theory’s third postulate
directly contradicts the theory of spontaneous
generation.
Francesco Redi Francesco Redi ( 1626- 1697)
Was an Italian physician,
naturalists, biologist and poet. He is
referred to as the “ founder of
experimental biology” and” father
of modern parasitology.
He was the first person to
challenge the theory of
spontaneous generation by
demonstrating that maggots come
from eggs of flies
John Turberville Needham
In 1745, John Needham (1713-
1781) also made a test to check
the validity of spontaneous
generation. During that time,
people already believed that
boiling could kill microorganisms.
He presented this as a piece of
evidence that supported the
theory of spontaneous generation
because there was no other life
other that the broth.
• Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) was
not convinced by the experiment of
Lazzaro Spallanzani Needham. He thought that
microorganisms may have entered the
broth from the air between the time
after the broth has cooled and before
the jar was sealed. He set out to do
another experiment to test his
hypothesis. He saw his results as proof
that the theory of spontaneous
generation could not be true.
• Those who believed in the theory of
spontaneous generation contested that
air was prevented to enter the flask of
Spallanzani, resulting in the absence of
microorganisms.
In 1859, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) also did some tests to check the truth behind
the theory of spontaneous generation.
 In Pasteur’s experiment, he put the meat broth in two separate S-shaped flasks
without a seal, and then he boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes. He
broke the swan neck from the first S-shaped flask, while retaining the swan neck
in the other.
Dust particles eventually fell on the broth in the first flask, whereas the dust
particles only got through the bottom bend of the swan neck in the second flask,
keeping the broth sterile.
The broth in the first flask quickly became cloudy, a sign that microorganisms had
entered the broth. However, in the second flask, only the bottom bend of the
swan neck had darkened, keeping the broth sterile.
 Hence, it became clear to Pasteur that microorganisms were introduced through
the dust particles, and that these microorganisms did not arise from the broth
itself. This finally proved that the theory of spontaneous generation was flawed.
Activity 1- CELL SEEN THROUGH
MICROSCOPE
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following table with the contribution of each
scientist listed. Answer the following guided questions afterward.
Scientist Major Contribution in Biology
Zacharias Janssen
Robert Hooke
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
GUIDED QUESTIONS
• 1. How did the invention of the microscope contribute to the
discovery of the cells?
• 2. If these scientists did not pursue their work and share
their contributions to the world, do you think people would
still arrive at the idea that all organisms are made up of cells?
Why?
• 3. What are the advantages of sharing knowledge and
working together?
Activity 2: WRAP UP
Instruction: Briefly answer the needed information below .
Francesco Redi John Needham

( experiment and result) ( experiment and result)
Theory of
Spontaneous
Generation Louis Pastuer
Lazzaro Spallanzani
( experiment and result) ( experiment and result)
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FOUNDATION OF

FELIS CATUS: CAT

It was believed, however, that

Francesco Redi John Needham

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