ORGANIZED

CRIME
FREDERICK R. ICARO, R.C
 ORGANIZED CRIME
An organized crime is any crime
committed by a person occupying, in
established division of labor, a position
designed for the commission of crimes
providing that such division of labor
includes at least one position for a
corrupter, one position for a corruptee,
and one position for an enforcer.
(Cressy)
PNP’S DEFINITION OF ORGANIZED
CRIME

A combination of two or more

persons who are engaged in
criminal activity on a continuing
basis for the purpose of profit
or power using gangland style
to attain their purpose.
 ORGANIZED CRIME
are transnational, national, or
local groupings of highly
centralized enterprises run by
criminals for the purpose of
engaging in illegal activity,
most commonly for monetary
profit.
 TYPICAL ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZED
GROUP
• Arms Trafficking – also known as gunrunning,
is the illegal trafficking or smuggling of
contraband weapons and ammunition.
• Art Theft – is usually for the purpose of resale
or for ransom.
• Assassination - means “to murder” by a
sudden or secret attack, often for political
reason.
– From the word “Hashshashin”
 TYPICAL ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZED
GROUP
• Bank Fraud- is the use of fraudulent
means to obtain money, assets, or other
property owned or held by a financial
position, or to obtain money from
depositors by fraudulent representing
to be a bank or financial institution.

• Is a white collar crime.

IN MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT OR CHOP
SHOP

is a location or business
which dissembles stolen
automobiles from the
purpose of selling them as
parts.
 COMPUTER CRIME OR CYBER
CRIME
• Refers to any crime that
involves a computer and a
network. The computer may
have been used in the
commission of a crime, or it
may be the target.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Is an unauthorized prohibited
use of works under copyright.
Infringing the copyright
holder’s exclusive rights, such
as the right to reproduce or
perform the copyrighted work,
or to make derivation of works.
 COUNTERFEITING
• Means to illegally imitate
something. Counterfeit products
are often produced with the intent
to take advantage of the imitated
product.
• Describes also forgeries of
documents .
ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE
is a global black market
dedicated to cultivation,
manufacture, distribution
and sale of those substances
who are subject to drug
prohibition laws
 EXTORTION
• Called shakedown, outwrestling, and
exaction.
• Occurs when a person unlawfully
obtains either money, property or
services from person, entity, institution
through coercion.
• Refraining from doing harm is
sometimes called “ Protection”
 HUMAN TRAFFICKING

is the illegal trade of

human beings for the
purposes of reproductive
slavery, commercial
sexual exploitation,
forced labor.
 MONEY LAUNDERING
The use of money derived from
illegal activity by concealing the
identity of the individuals who
obtained the money by
converting it to assets that
appear to have come from
legitimate source.
 MONEY LAUNDERING
Is distinguishing illegal sources of money so
that it looks like it came from legal sources.
The money by which money may be
laundered are varied and can range into
sophistication.

- the most widespread and prevalent form of

economic and financial crime.
 STAGES OF MONEY LAUDERING
PROCESS
1. Placement – the first stage involves the
physical introduction of the bulk of cash into
the financial system, typically accomplished
through cash deposits and purchases of cash
equivalent monetary instruments.

Funds are usually laundered relatively close

to the underlying activity, often, in the
country where funds originate.
 STAGES OF MONEY LAUDERING
PROCESS
• 2. Layering – also called structuring. The most
complex and often entails the international
movement of the funds.
• The primary purpose of this is to separate the
illicit money from its source
• Done by the sophisticated layering of financial
transactions that obscure the audit and trail.
• An act describes an activity intended to
obscure the trail which is left by “dirty money”
 STAGES OF MONEY LAUDERING
PROCESS

Integration – The final stage

involves placing the laundered
money proceeds back into the
economy in such a way that
they re enter the financial
system appearing as normal
business funds.
ANTI – MONEY LAUNDERING ACT

• R.A. 9160 as amended by

R.A. 9194 and R.A. 10167
• Criminalizes the act of
Money Laundering
ANTI – MONEY LAUNDERING ACT

• Created the Anti – Money Laundering

Council (AMLC)
• Composed of the ff. Officials:
1.Governor of the BSP
2. Chairman of SEC
3.Commissioner of Insurance
Commission
ANTI – MONEY LAUNDERING ACT
– transacts said monetary instrument or property
– Converts, transfers , disposes of, moves,
acquires, possesses or uses said money
instrument
– Aids, abets, assist in or counsels the commission
of money laundering referred to the preceding
items.
– Knowing that a covered or suspicious
transaction is required under this Act to be
reported to the AMLC, fails to do so.
 RUM-RUNNING
• Also known as “bootlegging”
• Is the illegal business of transporting
alcoholic beverages where such
transportation is prohibited.
CRITERIAS OF ORANIZED
CRIME
 MANDATORY CRITERIA OF
ORGANIZED CRIME
• Collaboration among more than two
people
• Extending over a prolong or indefinite
period
• Suspected of committing serious
criminal offenses
• The central goal of profit and power
 OPTIONAL CRITERIA OF ORGANIZED
CRIME
• Specialized division of labor among participants;
• Exercising measures of discipline and control;
• Employing violence or other means of
intimidation;
• Employing commercial-business like structures;
• Participating money-laundering;
• Operates Across national Borders;
• Exerting influence over legitimate social
institution
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

1. A unit of command: A superior to

whom one is responsible
2. The principle of definition: clearly
defining responsibilities and authority
3. The principle of objective: defining the
purpose of the organization or the
business that is undertaken
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

4. Insulation and the need to know

principle: personnel have contact only
with their immediate boss and peers
5. A pyramid structure: orders flow down
the hierarchal chart and important
decisions are made at top
6. The principle of specialization: members
of organized crime are experts in a
single job function
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

7. The span of control: a limited number of

people controlled by the supervisor.
8. Rules
TERMS TO REMEMBER IN ORAGANIZED
CRIME
1.Consortium – an agreement,
combination or group formed to
undertake an enterprise beyond the
resources of any one member.
2. Cartel – is a combination of producers
in any product joined together to control
its production, sale and price, and to
obtain a monopoly in any particular
industry or commodity.
TERMS TO REMEMBER IN ORAGANIZED
CRIME
3. Syndicate- a combination of persons or firms
united for the purpose of enterprises too
large for individuals to undertake; or a group
of financiers who buy up the shares of a
company in order to sell them by creating a
scarcity.
4. Organization – as a group of persons
organized for a particular purpose; a
structure through which individuals
cooperate systematically to conduct business.
TERMS TO REMEMBER IN ORAGANIZED
CRIME
5. Gang - a group of association of
three or more persons with a common
identifying sign, symbol, or name who
individually or collectively engage in
criminal activity that creates an
atmosphere of fear and intimidation.
ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIZED
CRIME GROUP
 Attributes of OCG
• Has no political goals
• Is hierarchical
• Has limited or exclusive membership
• Constitutes a unique subculture
• Perpetuates itself
• Exhibits a willingness to use illegal violence
and bribery
• Demonstrates specialization/division of labor
• Is monopolistic
• Is governed by explicit rules and regulations
 THEORIES OF
ORGANIZED CRIME
1. ALIEN CONSPIRACY THEORY

This theory blames

outsiders and outside
influences for the
prevalence of organized
crime in society.
2. Social Disorganization Theory

- structural conditions generate

these disintegration. The
existence of organized crime
groups is a result of those
group’s ability to continue to
recruit people with poor social
ties.
3. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

- postulates that deviant

acts are the result of
weak individuals bond
to society.
4. Albanese’s Theory of Typologies

- Explains crimes and

organized crime in terms
of typologies of
positivism, classicism,
structuralism and ethics.
 5. Sutherland’ Theory of Differential
Association

- States that all behavior

- lawful and criminal –
is learned with intimate
groups.
6. Merton’s Strain Theory and Anomie

- Organized crime is a normal

response to pressure
exerted on certain persons
by the social structure- the
strain between the means
and goals.
 7. Rational Choice Theory
- Suggests that people who
commit crimes do so after
considering the risks of
detection and punishment for
crimes, as well as the rewards
of completing these acts
succesfully.
 THE STRUCTURE OF
ORGANIZED GROUP
 1. The Bureaucratic/Corporate Model

• A complicated hierarchy
• An extensive division of labor
• Positions assigned on the basis of skill
• Responsibilities carried out in an impersonal
manner
• Extensive written rules and regulations
• Communication from top of the hierarchy to
person on the bottom, usually in written
form
2. Patrimonial/Patron-Client Networks

- Many aspects of bureaucracy are impractical

for many criminal organizations because they
must be concerned with the very real
possibility that communications are being
monitored. Telephone use must be limited
(often only to arrange for in-person
meetings), and written communication is
avoided. Information, as well as orders,
money, and other goods, is transmitted on an
intimate, face-to-face basis.
 Operatives in Organized group as
characterized:
• Papermen – persons who convert stolen
“paper,” such as stocks, bonds, and checks, into
cash.
• Torches – professional arsonist
• Musclemen or legbreakers – runners or errand
men
• Enforcers – men to implements the killings,
threat, intimidation and other forms of violence
 MAFIA

is the term used to describe

a number of criminal
organizations around the
world.
 COSA NOSTRA
- first organization to bear the label
“Mafia”
- based in Sicily
 MAFIA
“ The foundation of the entire
Mafia structure is respect. Fear
is the engine, and money is the
fuel. But the longevity of the
Mafia as an enterprise is built
upon an abiding and
uncommon sense of respect.”
 STRUCTURE OF A MAFIA FAMILY
• BOSS “Capo” or DON - The head of the family or
“Famiglia”
• UNDERBOSS or “Sottocapo” – assistant of the
Boss
• COUNSELOR or “Consigliere” – Adviser of the
Boss
• CAPTAINS or “Capiregime” – Supervise the crew
or soldiers
• SOLDIERS or “Soldati” – Lowest ranking member
of the family. They are also referred to as “made-guys”.
• ASSOCIATES – Non-member who may be given a job
by the family such as arsonist, papermen, etc.
ORGANIZED CRIME SYNDICATES
 The American Mafia
• is an Italian- American criminal society.
• Has no formal name and is a secret
society
• Its members are called “Cosa Nostra”
means, “one thing.”
 The Carlton Crew
• Based in Melbourne
• Is an Italian - Australian criminal
organization formed in late 1970’s
• Created by Alphonse Gangitano.

Notorious for it’s participation in

Melbourne gangland killing
 THE HONORED SOCIETY
• Was a Calabrian “Ndrangeta
criminal group that operated in
Melbourne.
• Involved in the Victoria Market
Murders
• Led by Frank Bevenuto
 ALBANIAN MAFIA
• “Godfather of Albanian
Mafia” is Daut Kadrioski
• Established a drug pipeline
through Albanian and
Croatian channel
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS IN ITALY

• COSA NOSTRA
• N’DRANGHETA
• CAMMORA
• STIDDA AND SACRA
• CORONA UNITA
Organized Crime
Group in Asia
Activities of Organized Crime Group in Asia

• The different OCGs in Asia focus mostly

on the following activities:
• Drug trafficking
• Illegal Migration
• Arms Trafficking
• Exploitation of Women
• Wide spread public and private
corruption
 GOLDEN TRIANGLE
• is one of Asia’s two main illicit opium-
producing country areas, an area of
367,000 sq miles that overlaps the
mountains of four ASEAN countries.
• BURMA, VIETNAM, LAOS, THAILAND
• It used to be the number one source of
opium in the world until on the early 21st
century when AFGHANISTAN CLAIM
THAT TITLE.
 GOLDEN TRIANGLE
• The name given to one of Asia’s two
principal areas of illicit opium
production
• Located at the crossroads of Central,
South and Western Asia.
• Overlaps the nations of Afghanistan,
Iran and Pakistan
 TRIAD
• TERM USED TO DESCRIBE MANY
BRANCHES OF CHINESE CRIMINAL
ORGANIZATIONS BASED ON
HNGKONG, CHINA, VIETNAM AND
MACAU
Some Organized Crime Group in Asia

• Triads and Tongs in Hong Kong

and China
• Yakuza in Japan
• United Bamboo Gang in Taiwan
• Warlords of Myanmar(Burma)
• Nam Cam Gang in Vietnam
 CHINA
1. Triads and Tongs in Hong Kong and China
Chinese are born into hierarchically
organized society in which they
never see themselves or others as
free individuals, but as bound to
others in a never expanding web of
social relations having mutual
obligate bonds of varying strength.
 Chinese Triads
• Hung Mun
• Tan Tei Wei ( Heaven and
Earth Society)
• San Hwo Hui ( Three United
Soviety )
 HONGKONG

Triad groups like the “Wo

Sing Wo” and 14K are only a
few of the many triads in
Hongkong. The activities of
these groups ranges from
drug trafficking to corruption.
NOTABLE TRIADS
( “The Six Great
Triads”)
 14k
The 2 biggest triad in
nd

the world with an

estimated members
ranging from 20, 000 to
25, 000.
 UNITED BAMBOO
• also known as Bamboo Union
Triads
- formed in 1950 established by
the kids of “Kuomitang”
 FOUR SEAS GANG
• also known as Si Hai Bang
• is one of the country’s major
triad criminal investigation
 Sun Yee On
- means New Righteousness and Peace
-one of the largest and most powerful of
the triads based in Hongkong.
 BIG CIRCLE
• Originated in China’s Red guard, Mao’s
personal militia
• Established to enforce the Great
Cultural Revolution
 Celestial Alliance
• Also knwon as Tien Dao Mun
• Most powerful crime group in Taiwan,
mainly because it is made up by
entrepreneurs and politicians.
 Japan
Yakuza - Involve in
corporate extraction and
exploitation of women mostly
coming from the Philippines,
Thailand and Taiwan who are
imported as entertainers.
 Yakuza
• largest crime group in the
world
• Also known as “gokudo”
• with an estimated membership
as high as 110,000
• referred to by the authorities as
“Boryukodan,” or violent gang
 THREE LARGEST GROUP OF
YAKUZA
1. Yamaguchi- Gumi
2. Sumiyoshi kai
3. Inagawa-Kai
 YAMAGUCHI - GUMI
• Japan’s largest organized crime
syndicate.
• The group has extensive political
connections and has been officially
“backing” the Democratic Party of
Japan
 Sumiyoshi-kai
- Tokyo’s second main group. Unlke the
Yamaguchi-gumi or the Inagawa-kai,
which run its organizations in a very
traditional, pyramid-like fashion, this
group is rather a federation of gangs
which grants more autonomy to each
group relies less on tribute coming from
the bottom.
- Current oyabun is Shigeo Nishiguchi
 Inagawa - kai
- the largest group based in Tokyo.
- though relatively small, the group is known
for being well-disciplined and efficient.
- it is structured in the traditional pyramid
power, scheme, with the bosses at top
making decisions for the group and
collecting significant tribute from the lower
ranks.
- Current Oyabun is Hideki Inagawa.
 PHILIPPINE
ORGANIZED CRIME
 Abu Sayyaf Group
- most violent of the Islamic
separatist groups operating in
in the southern Philippines.
- the ASG has used terror both
for financial profit and to
promote its jihadist agenda.
 ALEX BONCAYAO BRIGADE
- breakaway faction of the CPP.
- has a anti –US orientation
- espousing little political rhetoric,
the group is organized into small
criminal gang that conduct KFR
operation, extortion and deal in
counterfeit products
 PENTAGON GANG
• fouded on 1990 by Faiscal
Marohombsar
• has members from
disgruntled members of the
Maguindanao and Maranao
tribes
 AMAN FUTURE GROUP
- an investment and privately
held company based in
Malaysia with branches in the
Philippines.
- operates a pyramid scheme
NAPOLES PDAF SCAM GROUP

involved the funding of

ghosts projects using the
PDAF
 KURATONG BALELENG GROUP

• -it was brainchild of Army major Franco

Calanog to counter the growing
influence of the Communist
• “Kuratong” a traditional bamboo
instrument to call villagers for a
meeting
• “baleleng” means the darling bell
 TAIWAN
United Bamboo Gang - It has
direct connections with the
triads of China and Hongkong
with primary crime activities
into drug trafficking,
prostitution, child and women
smuggling.
 BURMA
• Warlords of Myanmar (Burma)
• A country led by s military junta, which
exploits its citizens to forced labor. A
country which produce and supply at
least 68 per cent of illicit drugs around
the globe. These activities are controlled
by armies, now considered the largest
organized crime groups in the world.
 VIETNAM
• Nam Cam Gang in Vietnam
They are involved in corruption of
public officials and the police. It
ranks among the top 26 drug
producing and trafficking in the
world. It became the major transit
points of drugs from Laos, Myanmar,
China and Taiwan from Cambodia.
 THAILAND

Considered as the most

notorious in the world in
terms of sex industry,
importing at least one
million women to China,
Laos and Vietnam.
 AL CAPONE
• ALPHONSE GABRIEL “AL” CAPONE
• Gangster who led the prohibition –era of
crime syndicate
• Founder of Chicago Outfit called
“Capones”
• Dedicated to smuglling and bootlegging
liquor and illegal activities in prostitution.
• Modern – day Robin Hood
TRANSNATIONAL
CRIME
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME DEFINITION

• A group of three or more persons that

was not randomly formed;
• Existing for a period of time;
• Acting in concept with the aim of
controlling at least one crime punishable
by at least four years of incarceration;
• In order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other benefit.
The term covers not only offices
committed in more than one State, but
also those that take place in one State
but are planned or controlled in
another.
since most groups contain three
or more people working in
concert, the true defining
characteristics of organized
crime groups are profit driven
and seriousness of offenses
they commit.
TRANSNATIONAL SECURITY THREATS

Defined as non-military
threats that cross borders
and either threthen the
political and social integrity
of a nation or health of that
nation’s inhabitants.
FACTORS THAT MAKE TRANSNATIONAL
CRIME POSSIBLE

• Globalization
• Increased numbers and
heterogeneity of immigrants.
• Improved communication of
technology.
POLITICAL CRIMES
 POLITICAL CRIME

used to signify illegal acts

that are designed to
undermine an existing
government and threaten
its survival.
 GOALS OF POLITICAL CRIME

-Inimidation
- Revolution
- Profit
- Conviction
- Psuedo conviction
TERRORSM
 Types of Terrorism

1.Civil Disrder – these are acts

in the form of extraordinary
violence taht disrupt civil
peace, originates in some
form of social excitment,
discontent and unrest.
 POLITICAL TERRORISM
used by one political faction to
intimidate another. Although
government leaders are the ones who
are intended to receive the ultimate
message, it is the citizens who are
targeted with violent attacks.
 Non – Political Terrorism

an example would be
religious extremism but the
desired result and tactics are
the same- sowing
widespread terror to the
populace.
 Quasi - Terrorism

Is a violent act that utilizes

the same methods
terrorists employ, but
does not have the same
motivating factors
 Limited Political Terrorism
acts which are not generally
one time only plots to make a
political or ideological
statement. The goal is not to
throw the government, but to
protest a government policy or
action.
 State Terrorism
any violent action initiated
by an existing government
to achieve a particular goal.
Most often this goal involves
a conflict with another
country
 POLITICAL TERRORISM VS STATE
TERRORISM
POLITICAL TERRORISM - is used by
one political faction to threaten and
intimidate another.

State terrorism defines any violent

action action initiated by an existing
government to achieve particular
goal.
 POLITICAL CORRUPTION
The term political corruption,
and the related act of bribery,
refers not only to the unethical
activity but to crimes committed
by state agents primarily for
their own personal, material
and non- material gain, rather
than on behalf of the state goal.
CYBERCRIMES
 CYBERCRIMES

is defined as a criminal
activity in which a computer
or computer network are the
principal means of
committing an offense or
violating rules or regulations.
 It includes but not limited to:
1. Illegal Access to a computer sysytem,
such as hacking
2. The illegal interception of the
transmission of computer data
3. System interference, that is hindering of
the functioning of computer systems,
including denial of seervice attacks
4. The production of hacking tools for the
purposes above.
 SPECIFIC ACTS OF CYBERCRIMES
1. Computer-related forgery – the conduct
resulting in inauthentic data that is acted
upon for legal purposes as if it were
authentic.
2. Computer related fraud – causing of loss of
property to another person by any input,
alteration, deletion or suppression of
computer data or the interference with the
functioning of a computer system with the
intent of procuring an economic benefit.
 SPECIFIC ACTS OF CYBERCRIMES

3. Child Pornography- production, offering

or making available, distribution or
transmission, procuring through or
possession in a computer system or
storage medium of pornographic
material that visually depicts a minor
4. Offenses related to infringement of
copyrights and related rights on a
commercial sale.
 R.A. 10175

- Philippine Cybercrime Law

- signed into law on
September 12, 2012
-became controversial
because of the inclusion of
internet libel
 CYBER TERRORISM
Cyber Terrorism is the convergence
of terrorism and cyberspace.
defined as predimitated, politically
motivated attack against
information, computer systems,
computer programs and data
which result in violence agaist non
combatants targets by sub national
groups or clandestine attacks
 TERRORISM IN INTERNET
internet is an easy and
convenient tool for terrorists to
use in making threats and
spreding fear. It provide
terrorists with a low-risk
means of striking out their
perceived enemies.
That in all things, God may be
glorified.