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04 - DC Generators (96 Slides - 2.5 WK)
04 - DC Generators (96 Slides - 2.5 WK)
Topic 4
DC GENERATOR
Note :e=
Revision
Blv
: Original Page No: 3 Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203
Issue No : 001 Issue Date: 30 August 2006
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GENERATOR PRINCIPLE
DC GENERATOR
5. Simple DC Generator
DC GENERATOR - cont
Operation :
-To convert AC inside the
armature to DC to the
external circuit via carbon
brush is by using an
automatic switching known
as a commutator.
commutator
- Stationary brushes rest
on the commutator surface
by spring tension.
The commutator is designed so that, no matter how the current in the loop alternates,
the commutator segment containing the outward-going current is always against the
"out" brush at the proper time.
The armature in a large DC generator has many coils of wire and commutator
segments.
Because of the commutator, engineers have found it necessary to have the armature
serves as the rotor and the field structure as the stator.
DC GENERATOR - cont
6. Single Loop DC Generator
a – two segments of commutator
approaching the point of maximum
induced emf with current flowing in the
load
DC GENERATOR - cont
b – the segments approaching the point of zero
emf and approaching the brushes at the point
of changeover from one commutator segment
to the next
DC GENERATOR - cont
c – the changeover has occurred and the lower
brush is now in contact with segment 1 and not
segment 2 as it was prior to the changeover
Note :
i - The commutator ensures that whichever
conductor is passing the North pole (N) it is always
Negative (-) and conductor passing the South pole
(S) is positive (+)
DC GENERATOR - cont
Action of commutator segment
DC GENERATOR - cont
Action of commutator :
- which allows current to
flow to the load in one
direction only i.e. DC
Let’s consider an armature rotating clockwise and a conductor at the left is moving
upward.
If you look at the above figure, you will know how the direction of the induced
current is alternating in an armature conductor.
But with a split ring commutator, connections of the armature conductors also gets
reversed when the current reversal occurs. And therefore, we get unidirectional
current at the terminals.
DC GENERATOR - cont
Single loop, two segments commutator:
- The output from commutator segment is DC but the current is not constant i.e. twice
per revolution and also at a maximum value, twice per revolution – pulsating DC. The
fluctuating current (and voltage) is called ripple.
DC GENERATOR - cont
- to generate smoother output, the practical generator must have many more
coils rotating in a magnetic field i.e.
more loops/ coils/ windings of wire reduce the ripple
more number of turns increase the output
Multi Segment
DC Generator
DC GENERATOR - cont
N
N
S
S
(a) – Rotor
– rotating part of a generator is known
as ARMATURE consists of :
shaft
iron core
output windings (coils)
commutator
DC GENERATOR - cont
- core is laminated to reduce eddy current
- windings are wound in slots in the iron core and wedged to prevent them
being thrown out due to centrifugal force
DC GENERATOR - cont
DC Generator Details
Wave
Winding
In wave winding. the coils which are carrying current in one direction are
connected in series circuit and the carrying current in opposite direction are
connected in another series circuit. A wave winding is shown in figure.
Lap Winding
In this type of winding the completing end of one coil is connected to a commutator
segment and to the start end of adjacent coil located under the same pole and
similarly all coils are connected. This type of winding is known as lap because the
sides of successive coils overlap each other.
DC GENERATOR - cont
DC GENERATOR - cont
- Brushes
made of low resistance contact ,
low specific electrical resistance
low coefficient of friction
good lubricating properties
Brush Holders
DC GENERATOR
- hold the carbon brush in-position
- maintain good contact between
commutator by the brush spring
DC GENERATOR - cont
(b) Stator – Magnetic Field system
4-pole DC Generator
DC GENERATOR - cont
- by using electromagnet, the field strength can be varied by amount of current flow to
the field windings
DC GENERATOR - cont
DC GENERATOR - cont
c. Bearing – rotating armature is supported in ball or roller bearings at both ends and
lubricated with high melting point grease or lubricating oil
Typical DC
Generator
Not all of the mechanical energy used to drive generators is converted to electrical
energy.
(a) Heat
Ability to dissipate heat – Heat developed in the steel or iron of the magnetic
system, commutator and brush gear
Quill drive
Voutput = E - IARA
REACTANCE VOLTAGE
(d) Reactance Voltage
REACTANCE VOLTAGE
2. As commutator segment
rotate, coil (1) shorted out by
the carbon brush through
commutator segment ‘A’ and
‘B’ which cause the magnetic
field to collapse.
REACTANCE VOLTAGE
REACTANCE VOLTAGE
5. To minimise reactive sparking DOR
is by connecting interpoles
windings which are small
poles located midway
between the main poles.
REACTANCE VOLTAGE
ARMATURE REACTION
(e) Armature Reaction
1. The main field of a DC generator is between the pole pieces.
2. When the generator is supplying to the load, a magnetic field is also
created by current flow in the armature winding i.e. armature field
ARMATURE REACTION
3. The interaction of this two fields causes a
resultant field which is distorted and
weakened to an extent dependent on the
load.
4. This interaction and resultant distortion of
the main field by the armature field is called
“Armature Reaction”.
ARMATURE REACTION
5. A line drawn vertically at a point midway
between the poles is termed as the
Geometric Neutral Axis (GNA).
6. When NO LOAD, the Magnetic Neutral
Axis (MNA) coincide with the GNA. The
carbon brush should position at 900 to
the main field i.e at MNA.
7. When load is connected, armature
reaction has caused the MNA to move in
front of GNA and as the load increases
the MNA will move further ahead of
GNA.
ARMATURE REACTION
8. The angle between MNA and GNA is
called angle of lead.
9. Now the brush has to be position at
MNA i.e. 900 to the main field.
10. If the brush is positioned at GNA then
there will be a considerable arcing
across the brush. This will reduce the
generated emf.
11. To continually adjust the brush position
is not practical due to MNA keep on
changing depends on load.
ARMATURE REACTION
Angle of
lead
ARMATURE REACTION
12. To overcome this problem, a
Compensating Windings are used.
13. This winding wound in slots in the
pole faces and connected in series
with the armature windings.
ARMATURE REACTION
14. Since the compensating winding
and the armature winding in
series, the current flow to the
load is same as current flow to
the compensating winding.
15. The compensating winding is
wound to oppose the armature
winding thus neutralise each
other and armature reaction will
not exist.
16. The GNA and MNA position will
coincide at all times.
ARMATURE REACTION
The GNA and MNA position will coincide at all times due to the action of
compensating winding under all load conditions.
17. Interpoles with Auxiliary or Bias Windings for higher speed range generator (eg.
2850 – 10 000 rpm):
• At high speed, reactance emf is high due to the rapid reversal of current and
collapse of current at the point of commutation.
• Thus, strong interpoles are required to ensure adequate compensation for the
high reactance emf.
• When generator is driven at a lower speed, with heavy load, the main field will be
strong & reactance emf is fairly small.
• Since interpole windings carry the same current as the armature windings, the
interpoles would be strong at low speed – unnecessary & would impair the
efficiency of the generator.
17. Interpoles with Auxiliary or Bias Windings for higher speed range generator (eg.
2850 – 10 000 rpm):
a. Is to obtain a correct interpole strength over all load and speed ranges.
b. Auxiliary windings is wound over an interpole to oppose the effect of the
interpole and connected in series with the main field.
d. At low speed and heavy load, the bias windings will oppose the interpole
windings in reducing its strength and increase the efficiency of the generator.
d) Reactance Voltage
Caused by changing current direction at the brush.
To overcome - install Interpole windings.
e) Armature Reaction
Distortion of the main field caused by the interaction between the main field and the armature field,
produced when current flows in the armature windings.
To overcome - install Compensating Windings and Interpoles Auxiliary Windings (for high speed
gen)
Revision : Original Page No: 73 Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203
Issue No : 001 Issue Date: 30 August 2006
FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GENERATOR LOSSES
1. There are three generator losses :
a. Copper losses – power loss due to I2R across armature windings and field
c. Friction losses – brush friction, bearing friction and air bearing resistance
(windage)
GENERATORS CLASSIFICATION
1. Are classified by which the magnetic field circuit (field winding) is energized.
It comes as :
- no external source required and its initial field excitation comes from
residual magnetism (from previous magnetization)
- its field current comes from the generator output as soon the generator
rotates
- its classification depends on how the field and armature are connected
a. Construction
- the field coil connected in series with
armature field
- series coil has few turns thick copper
wire and has very low resistance
armature
field
- this small induced emf will supply the field
windings, increasing the flux and increase the
armature
generated emf and fed back to its field again
so does the output
- if the number of series turn is increased, the output voltage increases with load, it
said to be over compounded (over-compensate the IR drop)
INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSION
VOLTAGE REGULATION