Go, change the world

Department of
RV College of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering Engineering
Minor Project

Electrochemical Analysis of Nickel Hydroxide

based Electrode materials for Supercapacitor
S
Application

Group No. : 5B18 Students Name(USN)

Under the Guidance of: Aman M.S                          1RV19EE006
Prof. Ajay K M G Chakradhar Reddy         1RV19EE015
Prajwal D H                       1RV19EE032
Vivekananda D P                1RV19EE062

1
 RV College of
Engineering® TABLE OF CONTENTS Go, change the world

 Introduction

 Classification of SC’s

 Literature survey

 Objectives

 Methodology

 Components required

 Electrochemical analysis

 Conclusion

 Future scope

 References
2
 RV College of
Engineering®
INTRODUCTION Go, change the world

What are Super Capacitors?

• Energy Storage Device (ESD)          
• High-capacity capacitors

Why Super Capacitors?

• Higher power density.
• Long cycling life.
• High safety rating.
• Fast charge/discharge processes.
• Low self-discharge rate.
• Lower Voltage Range ( ≤ 5V ).

3
 RV College of
Engineering®
INTRODUCTION Go, change the world

Where do we use?
• Applications that require rapid charge and discharge
cycles.
• Power backup for Static random access memory
(SRAM).
• In automobiles, buses, trains, cranes and elevators,
where they are used for regenerative braking.

How to develop super capacitors?

• Electrodes 

4
RV College of
Engineering® CLASSIFICATION OF SC'S Go, change the world

Super capacitors 

Electric double Hybrid Pseudo-

layer capacitors supercapacitors capacitors

1.Battery type
1.Graphene 1.Metal oxides 
2.Composite
2.carbon nanotubes 2.Conducting
3.Assymetric
3.Activate carbon polymers
super capacitors

5
 RV College of
Engineering® LITERATURE SURVEY Go, change the world

SL No: AUTHOR PAPER TITLE YEAR PUBLICATION DETAILED ABOUT

1) C. K. Ranaweera, P. K. Orange-Peel- 2017  pp 56-63, Journal of The orange peel was utilized to get
Kahol, M. Derived Carbon: carbon ready-made initiated carbon by
Ghimire and S.R.Mish Designing Sustainable oppressing the orange peel through the
ra  and High- carbonization technique and mixing it
Performance Supercapaci with Potassium Hydroxide
tor Electrodes  (KOH). These tests differ depending
upon their mass proportion.

2) Wei Du Nitrogen- 2018 Journal of This study describes the preparation of

Xiaoning Wang, doped hierarchical Electroanalytical Chemi AC from celery, followed by the
Xueqin Suna, Jie porous carbon using stry, vol. 827, pp 213- creation of a nano-composite of AC and
Zhan, biomass-derived 220  PANI, that was then carbonized
Huadong Zhang, activated carbon/carboni to produce -doped carbon. 
and Xiangjin Zhaoa zed polyaniline composit
es for supercapacitor 
electrodes 

3) Ji- High capacitance 2018 Carbon, vol. 132, pp 16- This paper uses discarded
Hyuk Choiet, Sungwa and energy 24 coffee grounds as the raw material
n Cho, Chongmin Lee, density supercapacitor to create activated carbon
Geon Dae Moon, based on biomass- because coffee beans are made up
and Hee Dong Jhan derived activated of organic compounds with numerous
carbons with heteroatom.
reduced graphene 6
oxide binder 
 RV College of
Engineering® LITERATURE SURVEY Go, change the world

SL No: AUTHOR PAPER TITLE YEAR PUBLICATION DETAILED ABOUT

4) Sultan Ahmed, Nitrogen-doped activated 2018  Vietnam Academy of This paper explains about the orange
M Rafat and carbon derived from Science & Technology, peel waste as an electrode material was
Ahsan Ahmed orange peel Advances in Natural came into use. Nitrogen-doped AC by
for supercapacitor applic Sciences: KOH activation came into utility,
ations Nanoscience and with melamine to be used as
Nanotechnology, vol. N- dopant. 
9, Number 3, pp 112-
118 

5) Kumara An intuitive review 2020   Journal of Energy Detail description of the selection of
Venkata Guru of supercapacitors Storage  Volume 31 electrolytes and various synthesis
Raghavendra, Rajanga with recent progress methods of the SCs explains
m Vinoth, Kamran zeb and novel comprehensively. In the end, future
device applications scope and challenges mention briefly
and consider for the next-generation
SC's design and applications 

6) Vanessa quis- Advances in the design 2021 Open chemistry 19(1)  Electrical double-layer

garrido,gabriel antoni and application of SCs, pseudocapacitors, and
o cerron- transition metal oxide- hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs)
calle,antony bazan based supercapacitors have shown very attractive
features such as high-power density,
long cycle life, and tunable
specific capacitance. 
 RV College of
Engineering® OBJECTIVES Go, change the world

The main objectives of this project are: 

• To select suitable metal oxides based on literature review.

• To perform Electrochemical characterization to understand various performance

parameters of SC’s.

• To calculate various parameters like Specific capacitance, Energy densities, Power

densities, and Efficiencies.

• To obtain a Supercapacitor with improved performances.

8
 METHODOLOGY
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

Understood the
The electrochemical
electrochemical
techniques CV, CP and
analytical Electrode selection
EIS are performed on the
techniques (CV,CP and
selected electrode 
EIS)

Obtained required
And finally obtaining graphs and calculated
SC's with required parameters like
improved performance  specific capacitance, ESR,
energy densities etc.....
 Go, change the world
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
RV College of
Engineering®

 Electrode material
 Activated carbon
 Electrochemical analyzer
 Origin software
 3 Electrode system
3 Electrode system Electrode system connected to the
electrochemical analyzer and computer

Electrochemical analyzer Activated carbon 10

 ELECTRODE MATERIAL
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of

a circuit. 
• The selected electrode is NICKEL HYDROXIDE [ Ni(OH)2 ].
• Its poor rate capability and low conductivity hinder its widespread application.
• Important issues associated with the properties of these materials as well as with the
improvement of their performance are discussed. 
•  The underlying reasons for the observed synergistic effects are analyzed and
highlighted. 
 ORIGIN SOFTWARE
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• This is the software mainly used for plotting the graphs

 RAW DATA
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• This picture shows the raw data of  CV which we

obtain from electrochemical analyzer 
• Since the CV plot is between potential and current
from raw data we can observe the variation of
current due to voltage
• Similarly for the CP and EIS also the raw data
looks similar but the parameters changes.
 RAW DATA
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

 The left picture

shows the raw
data of CP and
the right picture
shows the raw
data of EIS
 Go, change the world
ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
RV College of
Engineering®

The electrochemical performance was carried out by using following electrochemical

analytical techniques such as:
• Cyclic voltammetry(CV)
• Chronopotentiometry(CP) 
• Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS)

15
 Go, change the world
RV College of
Engineering® CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY(CV)

 The working electrode is ramped

linearly with time. The rate of
voltage change over time during
each of the phases is called
experiments scan rate(V/S).

 Hence CV data can provide

information about redox
potentials and electrochemical
reaction rates

Basic graph for CV

16
 RV College of
Engineering®
Go, change the world

Formula used to calculate specific capacitance by CV method 

F/g

I=Current (A)
v=Scan rate (mV/s)
m=mass of electrode(g)
ΔV= Potential window(V)

I-V Graph for different scan rates

17
 Ni(OH)2- CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY RESULT 
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• As already mentioned CV is known as cyclic voltammetry. This method is used to

find the specific capacitance of a super capacitor.
• Since this process obtain a graph (current v/s voltage) for different scan rates. The
graph looks like

Potential window(ΔV)= 0.7V

Mass(m)= 1mg

F/g
 CALCULATIONS
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

Scan rate(mv/s) Specific capacitance(F/g)

2 667.564
5 647.575
10 482.370
20 377.193
30 290.295
40 225.401
50 152.410
100 90.165
300 20.217
500 9.577

 The above graph indicates how specific capacitance changes with change in scan
rate and the table shows the calculated specific capacitance at different scan rates
 Go, change the world
CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY (CP)
RV College of
Engineering®

  Thisis a galvanostatic method in which the current at the working electrode is held at a
constant level for a given period of time. The working electrode potential and current are
recorded as a function of time.

 The main plot of CP is voltage vs time

20
 RV College of
Engineering®
Go, change the world

Formulas 

CS= Specific capacitance (F/g)

I= Current density (A/g)
Δt, td= Discharge time (s)
Efficiency(η%)=(td/tc)*100
tc= Charging time (s)
ΔV= Potential window (V)
0.5 CS  ΔV
____________
2
E= Wh/Kg E= Energy density (Wh/Kg)
3.6
P= Power density (W/Kg)

W/Kg
 Ni(OH)2  - CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY RESULT 
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• Chronopotentiometry is the technique

where Potential (V) against Time (s) is
analyzed for different Current
Densities  (A/g ).

• Discharge Time (Td)  increases

with increase in Current Density.

Efficiency(η%)=(td/tc)*100
 Ni(OH)2  - CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY RESULT 
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

Current Density ( I) Specific Capacitance

 mA/g (Cs)  F/g
2.5 312.08

5 247.44
7.5 203.25

10 166.26

12.5 133.95

15 102.52

17.5 72.77

20 43.16

0.5 C   ΔV 2
________________
S

• Potential window (ΔV) = 0.6V

• Mass (m) = 1mg
 CALCULATIONS
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

Current Discharge Charging Efficiency Energy Power

density(mA/g) time(sec) time(sec) (%) density( Wh/kg ) density(w/kg)

2.5 75.39 82.994 90.83 15.604 745.10

5 29.906 30.37 98.47 12.372 1489.30

7.5 16.41 16.65 98.51 10.162 2229.43

10 10.054 10.2 98.56 8.313 2976.606

12.5 6.437 6.474 99.46 6.697 3745.68

15 4.11 4.12 99.75 5.126 4489.92

 The above table shows the calculated parameters for different current densities 
 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• Study of electrochemical material through

electrical spectroscopy.

• Electrochemical cell roughly

behaves like above circuit.
• There are 3 parts in the graph.
• At x - axis intersection,
Capacitive impedance will be zero, hence
Pure resistance.
• As Cycle Life increases Impedance
also increases.
 EIS CALCULATIONS
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

Z real ( Ω. ) -Z imaginary ( Ω. )

3.836 -0.4305

3.899 -0.2434

3.965 -0.1051

4.03 -0.00512

4.093 0.06194

4.152 0.1065

4.205 0.134

4.251 0.1494

4.293 0.1562

4.331 0.1601

4.365 0.1622

4.396 0.1617

4.424 0.16
Fig.: Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy graph
4.45 0.1594

4.474 0.1596
 Ni(OH)2 - EIS RESULTS 
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

• Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is the plot b/w real impedance and

imaginary impedance and the obtained plot is Nyquist plot.

Fig: Nyquist plot Fig: Enlarged view of x axis intersection

• The Equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the value where the graph intersects the real axis 
• Therefore the ESR=5.98Ω
 CONCLUSION
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

In Cyclic Voltammetry, as Scan rate increases Specific Capacitance decreases.

The high specific capacitance is  667.564 F/g obtained for 2mv/s scan rate and the lowest
specific capacitance is 9.577 F/g obtained at  500 mv/s scan rate.
In Chronopotentiometry, as Current Density increases Discharge Time increases.
Also, In case of Chronopotentiometry as value of Current Density increases
Specific Capacitance decreases.
The high specific capacitance is  312.08 F/g obtained for 2.5mA/g current density and
the lowest specific capacitance is 43.16 F/g obtained at  20mA/g current density.
The Energy density decreases and power density increases as current density increases.
In Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the equivalent series
resistance obtained is 5.98Ω.
 Future scope
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

Since the supercapacitors are used for vehicle acceleration there is a huge demand for
SC’s in electric vehicle industry.
Supercapacitors have a future on the electric grid.
Supercapacitors could also become an important piece for the growing market of micro-
hybrid cars. In this, a supercapacitor could provide the power during the stop and also
provide power for the restart. The supercapacitors will then be recharged while the car is
traveling.
Aside from this, the devices can also be found in cell phone base stations, backup power
systems and audio systems.
 REFERENCES
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

 K.M. Ajay, M.N. Dinesh, Gopalakrishna Byatarayappa, M.G. Radhika, N. Kathyayini, H.

Vijeth. "Electrochemical investigations on low cost KOH activated carbon derived from orange-peel
and polyaniline for hybrid supercapacitors" , Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2021
 Jyh-Myng Zen, Govindasamy Ilangovan, Jia-Jen Jou. "Square-Wave Voltammetric Determination and ac
Impedance Study of Dopamine on Periodized Perfluoro sulfonated Ionomer-Coated Glassy Carbon
Electrodes" , Analytical Chemistry, 1999 
 Submitted to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
 Kim, Brian Kihun, Serubbable Sy, Aiping Yu, and Jinjun Zhang. "Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy
Storage and Conversion" , Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, 2014.
 Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan
 Hongying Xia, Jian Wu, Chandrasekar Srinivasakannan, Jinhui Peng, Libo Zhang. "Effect of Activating Agent
on the Preparation of Bamboo-Based High Surface Area Activated Carbon by Microwave Heating" , High
Temperature Materials and Processes, 2016
 Suh Cem Pang, Boon Hong Wee, Suk Fun Chin. "The Capacitive Behaviors of Manganese Dioxide Thin-Film
Electrochemical Capacitor Prototypes" , International Journal of Electrochemistry, 2011
 Dhibar, Saptarshi, and Chapal Kumar Das. "Silver Nanoparticles Decorated Polyaniline/Multiwalled Carbon
Nanotubes Nanocomposite for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode" , Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research, 2014.
 W.L. Xie, M.Y. Sun, Y.Q. Li, B. Zhang, X.Y. Lang, Y.F. Zhu, Q. Jiang. "Three-dimensional Ni/MnO2
nanocylinder array with high capacitance for supercapacitors" , Results in Physics, 2019 
 REFERENCES
RV College of
Engineering Go, Change the World

 Wang, Qian, Jun Yan, Yanbo Wang, Guoqing Ning, Zhuangjun Fan, Tong Wei, Jie Cheng, Milin Zhang, and
Xiaoyan Jing. "Template synthesis of hollow carbon spheres anchore on carbon nanotubes for high rate
performance supercapacitors" , Carbon, 2013.
 Dhibar, Saptarshi, Pallab Bhattacharya, Goutam Hatui, Sumanta Sahoo, and C. K. Das. "Transition Metal-
Doped Polyaniline/SingleWalled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites: Efficient Electrode Material for High
Performance Supercapacitors" , ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2014.
 Fan, Yang, Pei-Fang Liu, Zi-Juan Yang, TongWu Jiang, Kai-Li Yao, Ran Han, Xin-Xin Huo, and Yun-Yi Xiong.
"Bi-functional porous carbon spheres derived from pectin as electrode material for supercapacitors and
support material for Pt nanowires towards electrocatalytic methanol and ethanol oxidation" , Electrochimica
Acta, 2015.
 Jintao Zhang. "On the Configuration of Supercapacitors for Maximizing Electrochemical Performance" ,
ChemSusChem, 04/30/2012
 Jiguo Tu, Jungang Hou, Wei Wang, Shuqiang Jiao, Hongmin Zhu. "Preparation of porous nanorod
polyaniline film and its high electrochemical capacitance performance" , Synthetic Metals, 2011
 Onlinelibrary.wiley.com
 Yiran Fan, Geoffrey D. Fowler, Chris Norris. "Potential of a Pyrolytic Coconut Shell as a Sustainable Biofiller
for Styrene–Butadiene Rubber" , Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017
 Ning An, Zhong-Ai Hu, Hongying Wu, Yu-Ying Yang, Ziqiang Lei, Wenkui Dong. "Organic Multi-electron
Redox Couples-induced Functionalization for Enabling Ultrahigh Rate and Cycling Performances of
Supercapacitors" , J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017
RV College of
Engineering
RV College of
Engineering®
Go,Go, Change the World
change the world