“Cell: Mitochondria and

Chloroplasts”
Presented by: Grace B. Guevarra

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Objectives:
 Describe the mitochondria and chloroplast
 Illustrate the structure of the mitochondria and
chloroplast, label their parts, understand the
importance of the enfolding of the inner
mitochondrial membrane, and relate these
parts to photosynthesis
 Value the importance of the function of
mitochondria and chloroplast

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 Analysis:
Criteria 1 3 5
Cooperation 1 member is 3 members All members
doing the are doing the are doing the
task. task. task.

Timeliness Done after Done on the Done before

the allotted allotted time. the allotted
time. time.

Content All Some All

information information information
is incorrect. is correct. is correct.
Mitochondria
 Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion)—
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular
respiration, the metabolic process that uses
oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by
extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other
fuels.
 The mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles
found in most eukaryotic cells.

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 They are the ‘powerhouses’ of the cell.
 ATP fuels cellular processes by breaking
its high-energy chemical bonds.
 Mitochondria are most plentiful in cells
that require significant amounts of
energy to function, such as liver and
muscle cells.

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 MITOCHONDRIA
 Outer membrane—is a
selectively permeable
membrane that surrounds
the mitochondria.
 It is the site of attachment
for the respiratory assembly
of the electron transport
chain and ATP Synthase.
 It has integral proteins and
pores for transporting
molecules just like the cell
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 Inner membrane—folds inward (called cristae)
to increase surfaces for cellular metabolism. It
contains ribosomes and the DNA of the
mitochondria.
 The inner membrane creates two enclosed
spaces within the mitochondria: intermembrane
space between the outer membrane and the
inner membrane; and matrix that is enclosed
within the inner membrane.

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What is the purpose of the
mitochondrial membrane?
 Outer Membrane - fully surrounds the inner
membrane, with a small intermembrane space
in between; has many protein-based pores
that are big enough to allow the passage of
ions and molecules as large as a small protein

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 Inner membrane - has restricted permeability
like the plasma membrane; is loaded with
proteins involved in electron transport and
ATP synthesis; surrounds the mitochondrial
matrix, where the citric acid cycle produces
the electrons that travel from one protein
complex to the next in the inner membrane.

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Inner membrane function
 At the end of this electron transport chain, the
final electron acceptor is oxygen, and this
ultimately forms water (H20).
 At the same time, the electron transport chain
produces ATP in a process called oxidative
phosphorylation.

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Inner membrane function
 During electron transport, the participating
protein complexes push protons from the
matrix out to the intermembrane space. This
creates a concentration gradient of protons
that another protein complex, called ATP
synthase, uses to power synthesis of the
energy carrier molecule ATP.

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What is ATP?
 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)—It is the major
energy currency of the cell that provides the energy
for most of the energy-consuming activities of the
cell. The ATP regulates many biochemical
pathways. Mechanism: When the third phosphate
group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a
substantial amount of free energy is released. ATP
+ H2O → ADP + Pi where ADP is adenosine
diphosphate and Pi is inorganic phosphate

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ATP Structure

http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/atp.html
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Activity:
 Group the learners into pairs.
 Draw the endomembrane system as he/she
explains it to his/ her partner.
 Reshuffle the groupings and repeat until all
learners have performed the exercise.

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 CHLOROPLASTS
 are found in plants and
algae, are the sites of
photosynthesis

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Chloroplasts
 This process converts
solar energy to chemical
energy by absorbing
sunlight and using it to
drive the synthesis of
organic compounds such
as sugars from carbon
dioxide and water

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Chloroplasts
 The word chloroplast is derived from the
Greek word chloros which means ‘green’ and
plastes which means ‘the one who forms’.
 The chloroplasts are cellular organelles of
green plants and some eukaryotic organisms.
 These organelles conduct photosynthesis.
 They absorb sunlight and convert it into sugar
molecules.

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Chloroplasts
 They also produce free energy stored in the form
of ATP and NADPH through photosynthesis.
 Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound
organelles and are the sites of photosynthesis.
 The chloroplast has a system of three
membranes: the outer membrane, the inner
membrane, and the thylakoid system.
 The outer and the inner membranes of the
chloroplast enclose a semi-gel-like fluid known as
the stroma.
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 Stroma
 The stroma makes
up much of the
volume of the
chloroplast.
 The thylakoid
system floats in the
stroma.

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Structure of the Chloroplast

 Outer membrane—This is a semi-porous

membrane and is permeable to small
molecules and ions which diffuse easily. The
outer membrane is not permeable to larger
proteins.
 Intermembrane Space—This is usually a thin
intermembrane space about 10-20 nanometers
and is present between the outer and the inner
membrane of the chloroplast.
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Structure of the Chloroplast

 Inner membrane—The inner membrane of the

chloroplast forms a border to the stroma. It
regulates passage of materials in and out of
the chloroplast. In addition to the regulation
activity, fatty acids, lipids and carotenoids are
synthesized in the inner chloroplast
membrane.

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Structure of the Chloroplast

 Stroma—This is an alkaline, aqueous fluid that

is protein-rich and is present within the inner
membrane of the chloroplast.
 It is the space outside the thylakoid space.
The chloroplast DNA, chloroplast ribosomes,
thylakoid system, starch granules, and other
proteins are found floating around the stroma.

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Thylakoid System
 The thylakoid system is suspended in the
stroma.
 It is a collection of membranous sacks called
thylakoids.
 Thylakoids are small sacks that are
interconnected.
 The membranes of these thylakoids are the
sites for the light reactions of the
photosynthesis to take place.
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Thylakoid System
 The chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids.
 The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as
grana.
 Each granum contains around 10-20 thylakoids.
The word thylakoid is derived from the Greek
word thylakos which means 'sack’.
 Important protein complexes which carry out the
light reaction of photosynthesis are embedded in
the membranes of the thylakoids.
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Application: Let’s do this!

 Group the learners into pairs. Ask one to draw

the mitochondria and label its parts while the
other does the same for chloroplast. Once
done, the partners exchange tasks (i.e., the
learner that drew the mitochondria now does
the same for the chloroplast).

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