AIRPORT ENGINEERING

Lecture : 03
AIRPORT ENGINEERING
• The planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of
facilities provided for the landing and takeoff, loading and unloading,
service, maintenance, and storage of aircraft.
AIRPORT ENGINEERING
• Concern of Civil Engineer
• Civil Engineers are concerned with airports and allied facilities
right from feasibility study to maintenance, renovation and
extension
• Concern of Transportation Engineer
• His concern is much more
• He should also possess sufficient knowledge of air traffic and
airport elements affecting air traffic
INTERNATIONAL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• Civil Aviation
• is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-
military aviation, both private and commercial
ICAO
• The International Civil Aviation Organization, a UN
Specialized Agency, is the global forum for civil aviation
• ICAO works to achieve its vision of safe, secure and
sustainable development of civil aviation through cooperation
amongst its member States
IATA
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an
international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil
Aviation Organization is also headquartered.
• Mission. IATA’s stated mission is to represent, lead and
serve the airline industry
• All the Airline rules and regulations are defined by IATA
• The main aim of IATA is to provide safe and secure
transportation to its clients
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA)
• History
• Aviation matter were handled by Civil Aviation Department
since independence till an autonomous and regulatory body
created in December 1982 to handle all matters related to civil
aviation in Pakistan
• CAA ensures conformity to the standards laid down by the
international civil aviation organization (ICAO)
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA)
• Mission
• To provide, for the promotion and regulation of civil aviation
activities and to develop an infrastructure for safe, efficient,
adequate, economical and properly coordinated civil air
transport service in Pakistan
CAA – Functions
• Plans and develops airport infrastructure ahead of demand
• Enforces high performance standards for efficiency and
service in airport operations
• Promotes and facilitates the development of air cargo
industries
• Promotes safe and efficient – commercial aviation, in a
competitive environment
• Develops services and aviation infrastructure
CAA – Functions
• Provides air traffic control service to ensure a safe, orderly and
expeditious flow of aircraft movements within the Pakistan flight
information regions
• Provide search and rescue
• Regulate the operations of registered aircraft
• Ensure the certification and surveillance activities of all
Pakistani operators
• Certification of aviation training centres
• Regulates / monitor general aviation activities
CAA – Functions
• Ensure airworthiness of all civil aircrafts, certification and
surveillance of aircraft engineering activities
• Regulates the operation of aerospace industries
• Ensures medical fitness of all operational personnel
• Advises the government on matters related to civil aviation
authority
AIRLINES

• An organization that provides scheduled flights for

passengers or cargo.
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

• Air traffic services help in navigating aircraft while landing,

taking off, flying in the air, over-flying any country, taxing on
the ground and parking

• They provide a discipline in the air and also on the ground

and maintain safety

• The services are provided by using modern equipment

including radars
REGULATION AND POLICIES

The International Civil Aviation Organization

(ICAO).
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS

• An international airport has direct service to many other airports.

• Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for passengers and
cargo.
• Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places
where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch planes.
• Typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities to
handle international flights to and from other countries.
• Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways
and facilities to accommodate the large aircraft. (FBO, MRO etc..)
London Heathrow Airport – United
Kingdom
DOMESTIC AIRPORTS

• A domestic airport is an airport which handles only domestic

flights or flights within the same country.
• Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration facilities
and are therefore incapable of handling flights to or from a
foreign airport.
• These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient
to handle short/medium haul aircraft.
REGIONAL AIRPORTS

• A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively

small or lightly populated geographical area.
• A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration
facilities to process traffic between countries.
• Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets or
private aircraft (general aviation).
AIRPORT STRUCTURE

Landside
Airside
DEFINITIONS
• Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for a landing and takeoff of an aircraft
• Runway Strip. A defined area including the runway and stop
way if provided intended to reduce the risk of damage to
aircraft running off a runway and to protect once flying over it
during landing or take-off
• Taxiway. A defined path on a land aerodrome established
for taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between
one part of an aerodrome to another
DEFINITIONS
• Aerodrome. A defined area on land (including any building,
installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or
in part of the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft
• Aero-plane Reference Field Length. The minimum field length
required for takeoff at maximum certified takeoff mass, sea level,
standard atmospheric conditions, still air and zero runway slope,
as shown in appropriate aero-plane flight manual
• Apron/Ramp. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to
accommodate aircraft for purpose of loading or unloading
passenger, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance
DEFINITIONS
• Aircraft Stand. A designated area on an apron intended to
be used for parking of an aircraft
• Clearway. A defined rectangular area on ground or water
under the control of appropriate authority selected or
prepared as a suitable area over which an aero-plane may
make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height
DEFINITIONS
• Taxiway Strip. An area including a taxiway intended to protect
an aircraft operating on a taxiway and to reduce the risk of
damage to an aircraft accidentally running off the taxiway
• Threshold. The beginning of that portion of runway useable
for landing
• Touchdown Zone. The portion of runway beyond the
threshold where it is intended that the landing aeroplanes
first contact the runway
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS

AND
IMPORTANT AERONAUTICAL TERMS
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
• A general knowledge of aircrafts is essential in planning
facilities for their use
• Weight
• It has a bearing on thickness of runway, taxiway and apron
pavements
• It also affects the length of runway but it is not valid to assume
large aircraft weights require longer runway length
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Wing Span and Fuselage Length
• It is a general function of aircraft weight
• It has a bearing on gate size in aircraft stand, configuration of
terminal building, width of taxiways and runways, distance
between traffic ways, turning radius on curves etc
• Instead of increase in fuselage length, multi deck are being
preferred
Fuselage
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Passenger Capacity. This has a direct bearing on facilities to
be provided on land and airside on airports
• Length of Runway. It increases the area to be acquired if
not already done inClickinitial stages. The increase is not in
to add text
runway length only but in all allied requirements and linked
structures
TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
• Engine type and Thrust
• Turbo-propeller refers to propeller driven aircrafts powered by
turbine engines of earlier aircrafts
• Turbojet engines are not dependent on propellers for thrust
but obtain thrust directly from turbine. These have been
discarded in favour of turbofans, which are more economical
• Turbofan is turbo jet with blades (fans)
LARGE AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT
• OPERATING EMPTY WEIGHT (OEW), includes basic aircraft
weight, crew and necessary gear weights (excluding payload
and fuel)
• ZERO FUEL WEIGHT (ZFW), is the total weight of the
airplane and all its contents, minus the total weight of the
usable fuel on board.
• PAY LOAD (PL) is total revenue-producing load and includes
weight of mail, cargo and passengers and their baggage
COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT
• On landing weight of an aircraft is the sum of operating
empty weight, the pay load, and fuel reserve
• The landing weight can not exceed the maximum structural
landing weight of the air craft
• Total Aircraft Weight = OEW + PL + Trip Fuel + Reserve Fuel
PAYLOAD AND RANGE
• Distance to which aircraft can fly is referred as range
• Main factor influencing range is pay load; revenue producing
load
• Other factors are route, altitude, speed, wind and reserve fuel
• Normally the range is increased by decreasing pay load with
the weight trade off occurring between the fuel to fly to
destination and the payload which can be carried
PAYLOAD AND RANGE
• Therefore, to extend the distance of travel from R a to Rb the
payload has to be reduced in favour of adding more fuel
• Point C represents the maximum distance that an aircraft can
fly without any payload
• Sometimes, this is referred to as the ferry range, and it is
used, if necessary, for delivery of aircraft
• To travel this distance R c the maximum amount of fuel is
necessary, but since there is no payload, the take-off weight
is less than maximum
PAYLOAD AND RANGE
• In some cases the maximum structural landing weight may
dictate how long an aircraft can fly with a maximum structural
payload
• If this is the case, line DE represents the trade off between
payload and range; curve would then follow line DEBC instead
of ABC
• The actual payload, particularly in passenger aircraft, is
normally less than the maximum structural payload even when
the aircraft is completely full. This is due to the limitation in the
use of space when passengers are carried
  The approach flight path to the runway is an extension of the
centreline of the runway, and it is referred to as the Track
 An aircraft must fly along the track to safely reach the
runway.
 As an aircraft approaches a runway, its Heading (direction in
which the nose is pointing) is dependent on the strength of
the component of wind blowing across (at 90 degree) the
track of the aircraft called crosswind.