Projections

Chart Projections

The challenge for the mapmaker is how to project that sphere

onto a flat surface. In every case, projection involves distortion. 
 Classes Of Chart Projections

Cylindrical Azimuthal Conical

 Things to Preserve in Projections

• Equal-Area — correctly shows the size of a feature

• Conformal — correctly shows the shape of features
• Equidistant — correctly shows the distance between two
features
• True Direction — correctly shows the direction between
two features
Three Type of Projection in
Maritime World  
 Mercator projection

The Mercator projection which girds the Earth in a

cylinder and then rolls the cylinder flat.  
 Gnomonic Projection

Points on the Earth are projected onto the plane from a

powerful (metaphorical) light source at the center of the Earth.
What is a datum?

A geodetic datum is an abstract coordinate system

with a reference surface (such as sea level) that serves
to provide known locations to begin surveys and create
maps. In this way, datums act similar to starting points
when you give someone directions. For instance, when
you want to tell someone how to get to your house,
you give them a starting point that they know, like a
crossroads or a building address.
 There are two main datums
1. Horizontal datums measure positions (latitude
and longitude) on the surface of the Earth
2. Vertical datums are used to measure land
elevations and water depths.
 World Geodetic System (WGS84 ) )

WGS84 is standard for GPS

The Global Positioning System uses the World

Geodetic System (WGS84) as its reference
coordinate system.

It consists of a reference ellipsoid, a standard

coordinate system, altitude data, and a geoid.