Plant Reproduction

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 Plant Reproduction Home Page

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Flower structure Seed dispersal

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Pollination Germination

3 6

Fruit development Test

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Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower structure

stigma
anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule

petal

sepal
receptacle
peduncle

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Structure and function of the flower

stigma
anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule

petal

sepal
receptacle
peduncle

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 What do the parts do?
Sepals- protect
the flower when it
is a bud
Petals- colourful
to attract the
insects
Nectaries- give
out sugary liquid
to attract insects
Anther- produces
male sex cells
(pollen)
Stigma- traps pollen
Style- is where
pollen tube grows
down to female sex
Ovary- produces cells.
female sex cells
(ovules)
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 Flower Structure Quiz

• What is the name of the structure labelled X in the

diagram?

carpel

sepal
X
stamen

peduncle
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz

• Where is pollen made?

stigma

sepal

anther

ovary

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz

• Where is the ovule found in a flower?

petals

style

nectary

ovary

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz
• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:

X
X = style, Y = stigma

X = filament, Y = anther

Y
X = stigma, Y = style

X = anther, Y = filament

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination

The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther
to the stigma. There are two types of pollination.

• Self pollination and Cross pollination.

• This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen travels
from one flower to a different flower. This is desirable in plants
as it promotes variation.
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects
or by wind

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract
insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
nectar and a hooking onto
scent present insect fur

Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects

Sticky stigma
to collect pollen Brightly
coloured petals

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure
because they do not have to attract insects to
them but do need to be exposed to the wind.

Pollen grains are very Anthers are exposed to the

small and light. They wind so that pollen can
occur in very large easily be blown away
numbers

Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind

Petals are small and

green as there is no
No scent or nectary
need to attract
insects
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the
anther onto the stigma of the same flower

• Self-pollination is
not desirable as it
reduces variation

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either
having stigma above stamen or…

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
…by having stamen and stigma mature at different
times.

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination Quiz

• Pollination is the transfer from….?

the stigma to anther

style to stamen

ovule to filament

anther to stigma

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Pollination Quiz

• The two mechanisms for pollination are?

Wind and water

Insect and wind

Insect and water

Wind and birds

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination Quiz

• Cross-pollination…

Increases variation

Decreases variation

Is only performed by insects

Is only performed by wind

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Pollination Quiz

• Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by…

Having bright petals and a scent

Having a nectary

Having feathery stigmas

Having sticky stigmas

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Fertilisation and Fruit Development

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the
pollen grain down through the style to the ovule

stigma

style

carpel

ovary

ovule

Note: Petals not shown in

order to simplify diagram

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of the male
gamete fuses with the nucleus of the ovule (the
female gamete)

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
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Once fertilisation has taken place the zygote
(fertilised ovule)becomes a seed, and the ovary
becomes a fruit.
The petals die and fall off.
The plant seeds are in the fruit.

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Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes
dormant because metabolic reactions stop.
The ovary develops to become a fruit.

Fleshy wall
seed of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
crunch into an
apple!

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Seed Dispersal

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent
plant in order to reduce competition for space,
light, nutrients and water.
• Seeds can be dispersed by:

• Wind
• Water
• Mechanical
• Animals

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 Seed dispersal quiz

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

shown in the picture

water

mechanical

wind

animal
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Seed dispersal quiz

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

shown in the picture

mechanical

animal

water

wind
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Seed dispersal quiz

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

shown in the picture

water

wind

animal

mechanical

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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Seed dispersal quiz

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

shown in the picture

animal

mechanical

water

wind
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Germination

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.

Cotyledon:
Testa: Food store
tough seed coat

Plumule:
Micropyle: Embryo shoot
Hole made by Embryo
pollen tube plant
Radicle:
Embryo root

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 The seed contains the embryo plant and
cotyledons (starch stores)
Testa Water enters the seed
through the micropyle
and activates enzymes.
Plumule
(embryo shoot)

The water also softens

the testa to allow it to
split.
Radicle
(embryo root)

Micropyle Cotyledon

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Enzymes are used in seed germination
Plumule

The enzymes break

starch down into
starch maltose and then
glucose. The glucose
is used in respiration
amylase
to provide energy for
secreted
embryo plant ab
growth
s orb
ed maltose

Radicle
This is the first part
to grow out of the
seed as it needs to
absorb more water
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in
the cotyledon to provide energy for growth

light The seedling can now

photosynthesise and
make its own food

germination

Plant growth and development

soil
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed:
Seed loses weight as it uses
up starch stores in the
cotyledons as the seedling
cannot photosynthesise yet

Dry mass/g
Weight increases as
the seedling can
photosynthesise and
Dry mass is the plant grows
mass of solid
matter with all
water removed

Days

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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
 Conditions required for germination

Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)

No light

Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen

present present present present

No
oxygen

moist dry moist moist moist

4oC Warm Warm Warm Warm

A B C D E
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
END

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