GENERAL

CHEMISTRY
Group 2 St. Monica
 ENGLISH CHEMISTS

02 03
John J.J. Ernest
Dalton Thomson Rutherford
 John Dalton
• Was an English chemist,
meteorologist, and physicist. He is
best known for his pioneering work in
the development of modern atomic
theory.
• He was the first person to explain that
everything that exists is made from
atoms.
 Dalton Atomic
Theory
• In the early 1800s, the
English Chemist John
Dalton performed a number
of experiments that
eventually led to the
acceptance of the idea of
atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory states
that;
• all matter is made of atoms, which are
indivisible.
• all atoms of a given element are identical in
mass and properties.
• compounds are combinations of two or
more different types of atoms.
•  a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of
atoms.
 Dalton’s Early Atomic Model
• “Billiard Ball” model
• he envisioned atoms as
solid, hard spheres,
like billiard(pool) balls,
so he used
wooden balls to model t
hem
• This theory became
one of the
foundations of
modern chemistry.
 J.J. Thomson
•  English physicist who helped
revolutionize the knowledge
60
Initial
of atomic structure by his
% discovery of the electron
• He was the first scientist to show
40
Advanced the atom was made of even
smaller things
%
He used the Cathode ray tube to
discover electrons
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
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Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a beam

appear to move from the negative to the
positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a beam

appear to move from the negative to the
positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a beam

appear to move from the negative to the
positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a beam

appear to move from the negative to the
positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

● By adding an electric field

Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
• By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
• By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
• By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
• By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
• By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
• By adding an electric field
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+

-
-
 Adding an electric field cause the beam to move toward the
positive plate.
 Thomson concluded the beam was made of negative moving
pieces.
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model
 Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model
• He proposed a model of the
atom that is sometimes called
the “Plum Pudding” model.
• Atoms were made from a
positively charged substance
with negatively charged
electrons scattered about, like
raisins in a pudding.
 Ernest Rutherford
• was a New Zealand 
60
Initial physicist 
who came to be known
% as the father of 
40
Advanced
nuclear physics.
%
• He discovered the
nucleus of a gold
atom with his “gold
foil” experiment
 Mars
Academic Areas
Mars is actually a cold place
Using J.J Thomson’s
Plum Pudding atomic
model, Rutherford
predicted the alpha
particles would pass
straight though the gold
foil. That’s not what
happened.
 Gold Foil Experiment
Results
• most alpha particles go
straight through the
gold foil
• A few alpha particles
are sharply deflected
 Rutherford’s
Conclusion
The atom is mostly
empty space.
There is a small, dense
center with a positive
charge.
Rutherford discovered
the nucleus in atoms
 Rutherford’s
Contribution to the
Atomic Theory
• The atom is mostly
empty space.
• The nucleus is a
small, dense core with
a positive charge.
Rutherford’s Atomic Model