ETHICS

What is RIGHT OR WRONG?

 A 12 year old girl was taken in marriage in the village
of Lohutok, South Sudan. Is that good or bad?
 Should death penalty apply for a man or a woman
engaged in consensual homosexual acts?
 Is it good for a husband to donate his sperm to his
infertile wife, so that she can be artificially
inseminated and perhaps bear their child.
 Basic Concept of Ethics
 From the Greek word “ethos” which means
“character”
 Also known as “moral philosophy”
 It refers to the moral principles of right and wrong
 The goodness and badness of one’s action
 Theories of the good are two basic types: theistic
(God) & philosophical (reason)
Based on the given EXAMPLES,
what can we say about ETHICS?
Do we have universal standard of
ETHICS?
 Theories of Ethics
1. Hedonism
2. Stoicism
3. Epicureanism
4. Situationism
5. Power Ethics
6. Humanistic Ethics
7. Thomistic Ethics
8. Filipino Centripetal Ethics
1. HEDONISM
 HEDONISM
Gk. (hedone “pleasure” and hedys “sweet”) is an
ethical doctrine, which claims that pleasure is the
norm of morality
Ang kasiyahan ay siyang sukatan ng moralidad
Pleasure in this context, is the satisfaction of desire;
hence, the greater the pleasure, the better
Desire may be either :

Intellectual
Aesthetic
Physical
Intellectual Pleasure

- Derives from one’s discovery of truth, the formulation

of certain theory, or the final resolution of a particular
problems that involves intellectual deliberation
Aesthetic Pleasure
 Refers to one’s disinterested feeling of beholding a
beautiful thing or scenery and appreciating a work of
art
 It is so unique in itself that it is characterized by the
feeling of awe and disinterestedness, as opposed to
sensuous pleasure w/c is coupled with the wish

Physical Pleasure
- Means the satisfaction of sensuous or sexual desire
Aristippus (400BC)
Founder of the pleasure principle
Taught that the pleasure is the one and only good,
hence it must be the basis for moral judgment
Whatever act that gives pleasure is good, hence it must
done under all circumstances; whatever act that gives
pain is bad, hence it must be avoided as much as
possible
Anumang gawa na nagdudulot ng kasiyahan ay
mabuti; anumang gawa na nagdudulot ng sakit ay
masama
In other words whenever an act is pleasurable, it is
good; whereas if it is painful, evil. Every person,
therefore, seeks his own pleasure and avoids pain
For a hedonist happiness is the
highest good, and so it must be
made the ultimate goal in life

To realize and attain the

highest good, first and
foremost, we have to satisfy
our desires

Man in the hedonist’s

perception, is a bundle of
desires; everyone desires in
order to survive
By the time an individual ceases to desire, he ceases to
live as well and will ultimately perish

As we satisfy our desire, we experience pleasure and

the feeling of pleasure makes us happy

Happiness, therefore, is attainable through pleasure;

and the latter can be gained by satisfying our desires
If we are going to suppress our desires, we will
experience pain, insofar as the suppression of desire is
painful. Thus the suppression of desire is the cause of
suffering
Suffering is the opposite of happiness, for no one can
be happy if one suffers
We have to follow the pleasure principle in order to
avoid pain which causes suffering
The hedonist’s formula for a happy life is “ eat, drink
and be merry, for tomorrow you die”
“Kumain, uminom at magpakasaya ka pagkat bukas
ay mamamatay ka”
 Brihaspati Lanka
Indian Philosopher
In Lanka’s view, we have to live life as it is for life is
beautiful
We have to enjoy life for we live only once; after this life,
no more
“Eat, drink and be merry, for you only have one life to
live”
“Kumain, uminom at magpakasaya ka, pagkat minsan ka
lang mabubuhay”
Only the pleasure in this life is true and good; in fact,
there is more pleasure than pain in this life otherwise
no one would desire to live and no one will be afraid to
die
4 Human Values :
1. Wealth (artha)
2. Pleasure (kama)
3. Obligation (dharma)
4. Spiritual Release (moksa)

“Only kama or sensual pleasure is the real end, while

artha or wealth is regarded as the means to attain
that end”
The true moksa is death itself, for when we die we
shall be liberated (from all pains and suffering)
2. STOICISM
STOICISM
Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements
of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the
porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at Athens decorated
with mural paintings, where the members of the school
congregated, and their lectures were held
As an ethical doctrine, STOICISM considers apathy or
indifference to pleasure as the moral norm.
STOICS
They are the advocates who are known for their
exemplary patience, self-sacrifice, perseverance,
forbearance, and long-suffering attitude
 APATHEIA
State of imperturbability which is attainable through
apathy or indifference to pleasure
The stoics dispute that the hedonist’s claim that lasting
happiness derives from pleasure
Instead, pleasure as the basis for moral action leads to
an endless cycle of pleasure and pain
Stoics philosophy in life is the direct opposite of the
hedonists
To attain lasting happiness, we have to minimize our
desires and passions, if we cannot suppress them
altogether
 Self- discipline
Self discipline is very significant in the moral
development of an individual
The most difficult individual to discipline is oneself,
so to the stoics say
But once a person learns to discipline himself, then he
can discipline all that are supposed to be disciplined
Accordingly, a person who can control himself can
control all that are supposed to be controlled; and one
who can conquer himself can conquer all that are
supposed to be conquered

“Ang taong makakasupil sa kanyang sarili ay kaya

niyang supilin ang lahat ng dapat niyang supilin”
For the stoics the virtue of self-control or self-
discipline enables an individual to attain apatheia or
the state of mental peace or imperturbability, in which
one has complete control of his mind and body so that
nothing else can ever annoy him
 EPICTETUS
A former Roman slave who was one of the enormously
influential teachers of stoicism, Epictetus (50-130
A.D) professed that the greatest virtue is peace of mind
it is the priceless wealth that a person can ever possess
Epictetus taught a philosophy of mental detachment
which, if rigorously followed, enables us to harness,
and master our desires, rather than be enslaved by
them

Examples:
We should not allow others to disturb our peace of mind
so that we will not be enslaved by them
Huwag tayong papayag na ligaligin ng iba kung ayaw
natin maging alipin nila
Secondly, objects which we desire intensely enslave us
Ang mga bagay na labis-labis nating hinahangad ay
syang umaalipn satin
Furthermore, we should preserve serenity by
understanding the true nature of things
Panatilihin ang kakalmahan sa pamamagitan ng pag-
unawa sa tunay na kalikasan ng mga bagay
In Filipino experience, we can console ourselves by
saying:
“Sadyang ganyan ang buhay ng tao, una- una,
sunod-sunod, at hali-halili lamang”
In Chinese thought, Lao Tzu, celebrated the death of
his wife by singing instead of mourning for her
When confronted by relatives, he explained to them
that his wife’s birth was a moment of great and
celebration for her loving parents, so her death should
also be a time to celebrate and enjoy, for human life
beginning as well as end
Hence, as we celebrate the beginning, so also must we
celebrate the end of an individual’s life
That’s the nature of life in Lao Tzu’s view
In this light following Epictetus philosophy, one can
still remain serene even upon the death of a loved one
Another thing is that we should accept the things that
cannot be changed
“Tanggapin ang mga bagay na hindi na mababago”
According to Epictetus, most of the misery of life comes
from within; it comes from our refusal to accept our part of
it; but once we accept our handicaps, our misfortunes, they
can be withstood thus, we have to accept the inevitable
And lastly, we should embrace difficult problems in
life: running away from ones’ problems will create
bigger and more complicated ones
Problems, in Epictetus’ perception, are desirable
spiritual exercises
We need as much as physical exercise to keep
ourselves physically fit as we also need spiritual
exercise to keep ourselves mentally alert
 LUCIUS SENECA
Another faithful adherent of stoicism was Lucius
Annaeus Seneca (1-65 A.D.) born in Cordoba, Spain
but studied and taught in Rome during the period of
the Roman dictators
He is also known as a practical moral teacher, a kind of
spiritual guide or a physician of the soul
Seneca’s main philosophical aim was to lead men
toward virtue, especially moral courage and fortitude
so as to men brace themselves against the onslaught of
adversities
First is his philosophy of moral courage and misfortune:
no evil or misfortune can defeat and discourage the spirit
of a stalwart man
“Walang kasamaan o kasawimpalad na makakatalo at
makakabagabag sa isang taong matapang”
According to Seneca “the thing that matters is not
what you bear but how you bear it”
“Ang mahalaga ay hindi ang iyong pasan kundi ang
paraan ng pagpasan mo nito”
Second is the role of adversity. Disaster, in Seneca’s
view, is virtue’s opportunity, for a disastrous situation
gives an individual a good chance to prove his strength
and courage
“Ang kapahamakan ay siyang pagkakataon ng
kagalingan”
 MARCUS AURELIUS
Well-described as “by nature a
saint and a sage, by profession
a warrior and a ruler”
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
(121-180) was emperor of
Rome, stoic philosopher, and
one of the noblest figures of
antiquity
His teachings of tranquility
are priceless gems of human
knowledge that are worth
bequeathing to posterity
For Marcus Aurelius, one cannot
find peace in such places
Tranquility as a mental state
consists in good ordering of the
mind; hence the place to look for
it is in your soul
For mental peace does not depend
upon wealth, power, or sex, but
upon the quality of your thoughts;
the same is true with happiness
Ang kaligayahan ay nakasalalay
sa kalidad ng iyong pag -iisip
Live simply and naturally and harmonize yourself with
nature. Likewise, live with kindliness for kindliness is
invincible; nobody can conquer kindness but kindness
conquers all
Walang sinumang makasusupil sa kagandahang-loob
subalit ang kagandahang-loob ay syang makasusupil
sa lahat
Marcus Aurelius taught that things do not and cannot
touch the soul for they are external and immovable;
but our troubles come only from the opinion which is
within
That is to say, if we can control our opinion about
things, we cannot be upset or perplexed by anything
Life, according to Marcus Aurelius, is but an opinion;
it is a belief a judgment
Ang buhay ay isang kuro- kuro lamang
3. EPICUREANISM
Epicureanism
Founder: Epicurus (341-
270 B.C.)
Athenian Philosopher
Speaking of the noblest
aim of philosophy,
Epicurus pointed to
Ataraxia, or peaceful and
tranquil life
Epicureanism
Epicureanism professes moderate pleasure as the
moral norm
It is the intermediate pleasure doctrine between
hedonism and stoicism
Hedonism teaches an all-out pleasure norm of morality
Stoicism an indifference pleasure or no pleasure at all
Epicureanism
Moderate pleasure-“Katamtaman lamang”

What Epicurus meant by pleasure is not fleeting but

permanent, or that state of deep peace and perfect
contentment in which we feel secure against the storms
of life
Epicureanism
Three (3) causes of pain:
• Excessive use
• Abuse
• Non-use of bodily organs

 Too much as well as no thing at all causes pain

 To avoid pain, one should observe moderation in all
undertakings
Epicureanism
Epicurus considered prudence as the highest virtue
which enables an individual to govern and discipline
himself by the use of reason. Intelligence choice and
practical wisdom are needed to measure pleasures
against pains

“Accepting pains that lead to greater pleasures and

rejecting pleasures that lead to greater pains” (De Lacy
1967:4-5)
Epicureanism
Epicurus’ two kinds of pleasure:
Dynamic pleasure – accompanied by pain like sexual
love, gluttony, fame, and drinking
Passive pleasure – not accompanied by pain like
friendship, philosophical conversation, playing with kids
Epicureanism
Ethical guidelines for moral decisions.
 Three kinds of desire:
1. Natural and necessary
2. Natural but unnecessary
3. Unnatural and unnecessary
 Epicureanism
• Natural and necessary- Refers to our need of food and
water, rest and sleep
• Natural and unnecessary- Refers to man’s need of sex and
marriage
• Unnatural and unnecessary- Refers to man’s need for
power, wealth, fame, smoking, drinking and other vices
Epicureanism
Two fears that stand on the way of attaining mental
peace:
Fear of gods
Fear of death
Epicureanism
Fear of the gods

“Man’s fear of the gods is only an illusion which has

no basis in reality”
- Epicurus
 Epicureanism
 Fear of death
-Either there is immortality or there is none at all. We should be
glad there is death instead of being afraid of it

“Ang kamatayan ay siyang magpapalaya sa atin sa lahat ng

pasakit at paghihirap, kaya hindi ito dapat katakutan”

If we are still alive, death has not yet come; it has not yet
touched us. If we are dead, then death cannot touch us any
more since we are already gone. The is no need ,after all, to
fear death (Hakim 1992: 117 – 135; Shapiro and Curley 1965:
4 - 15)
4. SITUATIONISM
SITUATIONISM

Joseph Fletcher is an American Protestant medical doctor,

situationism is also known as contextualism or situation
ethics
He mentions the three approaches to morality:
 Legalism
 Antinomianism, and
 Situationism
The legalistic approach prescribes certain general
moral prescriptions, laws, or norms by which to judge,
determine, and settle the rightness and wrongness of
human judgements or decisions
This is also known as normative for obvious reasons
The antinomian approach, on the other hand, frees
the Christian from the obligations of the moral law in
which case there are no absolute precepts or moral
principles by which to be guided in making decisions
Situationism- is Fletcher's preferred approach to the problem of
morality
-this ethical theory states that the moral norms depend upon a given
situations
Three types of love:
1. Eros
2. Philia
3. Agape
Erotic love- means sexual love which normally relates man to a woman
 it may also exist between a tomboy and another woman or
between a gay and another man
Filial love- refers to the affection that binds a parent to his or her child,
a brother to his sister, a brother to his brother or a sister to his sister
Agapeic love- refers to one’s care and concern and kindness towards
others
 Fletcher underscores six propositions which are the
fundamentals of Christian Conscience:
1. The nature of love
2. Reduces all values to love
3. Equates love and justice
4. Frees love from sentimentality
5. States the relation between means and ends
6. Validates every judgement within its own context
Propositions :
Proposition 1: Only one thing is intrinsically good,
namely, love nothing else
 Love alone is good per se, the only thing that is by
its very nature good
 Love is never selfish or self- conceited, neither
biased nor unfair
 It is always geared towards the good of the other
because it cares, respects, and protects the dignity of
the other
Proposition 2: The ultimate norm of Christian
decisions is love: nothing else
This ultimate norm is no respecter of persons,
seeking the good of the other radically and no
preferentially: Christian love goes beyond racism
and religionism
Proposition 3: Love and justice are the same, for justice
is love distributed
 Love and justice go together
They are compatible bed mates, so to speak. To love
means to be just to the other we love
Proposition 4: Love wills the neighbour's good whether
we like him or not
We may like a person because of the good qualities
the person possesses or dislike that person because
of bad traits
Christian love – is literally benevolence
-It is a matter of loving the unlovable, the unlikable, the
uncongenial, the unresponsive, or even the snobbish

Agapeic love- is a matter of attitude-perhaps a humane

attitude-not one of feeling
-this must have been what Jesus meant by "love your
enemies”
Proposition 5: Only the end justifies the means: nothing
else
Christian ethics teaches that the end justify the
means
Proposition 6: Decisions ought to be made situationally, not
prescriptively
This sums up what situational Christian ethics is all
about
There is no ethical system of prefabricated morality
A “prefab” code of ethics offers a ready made moral
norm, a ready made answer to moral problems
5. POWER ETHICS
Power Ethics, in general, claims that:

“might is right”

Might in this context is taken as force, strength and

capacity to rule
It also means power, influence, control and domination
 
 
 THRASYMACHUS
Plato mentioned the mightiest views of
thrasymachus the sophist, in one of his
dialogues
“What is right or just is nothing but the
interest of the stronger” (taylor1984)
An act promotes the interest of the
stronger, it is just and right and any act that
weakness him or her is wrong and unjust
Rulers and the strong one dictate what is
just or unjust and right or wrong the ruler's
authority is absolute and it does not
compromise
 
The weak ones or the subordinates have no choice but
to obey and to follow
Regarded as morally wrong are act of disobedience,
resistance, revolt and disloyalty to the ruler
 FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900),
a German philosopher and poet is
credited for the development of
power ethics in modern philosophy
He taught that inherent in every
individual, regardless of race and
clime has the will to power or the
will to dominate
• Nietzsche has had great intellectual
and political influence around the
world
This explain why many call Nietzsche the superman
philosopher in this regard, he dared all men to develop
their will to power at all costs in order to attain the
state of superment
In this man God relationship, according to man loses
his power of reason and most of all his will to power
Religion then must be abolished and destroyed
For God must die if man is to attain the state of
supermen. If necessary, God must be killed in order to
liberate man
This again explains why Nietzsche is also known as
God's murderer or the philosopher who killed God
Christianity and Morality:
• In The Antichrist, Nietzsche fights against the way in
which Christianity has become an ideology set forth
by institutions like churches, and how churches have
failed to represent the life of Jesus
• Finds it important to distinguish between the religion
of Christianity and the person of Jesus
Nietzsche attacked the Christian religion, as
represented by churches and institutions, for what he
called its “transvaluation” of healthy instinctive values
Nietzsche cited two types of morality namely, the
master morality and the slave morality
The former is the morality of the strong the virile and
the strong willed
Exploitation is a consequences of the power will to the
life ;passive submission is the opposite of this will to
life
Master morality and Slave morality:
Two types of MORALITY

a Master Morality a Slave Morality

springs actively from develops reactively

the "noble man" within the weak man
Some of the contrasts in master vs. slave morality
include:
• "good" and "bad" interpretations vs. "good" and
"evil" interpretations
• "aristocratic" vs. "part of the 'herd'"
• determines values independently of predetermined
foundations (nature) vs. determines values on
predetermined, unquestioned foundations
(Christianity)
Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our
intelligence by means of language
-Ludwig Wittgenstein
6. HUMANISTIC ETHICS
Humanistic Ethics

-Known under various names such as endemonism,

perfectionism, self-realizationism, or self-
actualizationism, humanistic ethics claims that self-
realization is the true standard of morality
Self-realization
- is understood as self-fulfillment ,fullness of life,
and full development of all functions of an
individual

• Aim of Self-realization Ethics

-is the development of the entire self, and the

greatest good
 Humanistic Ethics

- is life-affirming and death- denying

• All that serves life is good and all that serves death is
evil
Good - is reverence for life, all that enhances life, growth,
and the unfolding of self

Evil- is all that retards growth, stifles life, narrows it down

and cuts it into pieces
 Humanistic Ethics
-is not only individual but also social in its
emphasis and outlook
• No man is an island

“Walang taong maaring mabuhay para sa sarili

lamang”
• Man is being with others in the world, hence he cannot
live the good life apart from others

• No person can fully develop himself

independently of his fellowmen
 Virtues of Humanistic Ethics:
• Cooperation
• Unity
• Solidarity
• Harmony
• Mutual helpfulness
• Brotherhood
•Universalism
-All acts or activities then, that promote these virtue are good in
themselves as they provide the social situation wherein personal
self-fulfillment is realized
 Aristotle
•is regarded as the foremost
proponent of the ethical school of
thought known as self-
realizationism, which is exclusive
found in Nicomachean Ethics
named after his son Nichomachus
to whom the book was dedicated
Aristotle Cont……

Self-realization – is the highest good attainable by man

“Ang sariling kaganapan ay siyang pinakamataas na

kabutihang maaring makamit ng tao”
Aristotle cont….

• He equates the highest good with eudaemonia or

well-being or happiness, for happiness or well-being is
concomitant with self-fulfillment and self-
actualization

•Happiness does not come from wealth or pleasure;

while pleasure is good, it is not the ultimate good
 Aristotle cont….

• Happiness- is the natural outcome of the active exercise of

functions, insofar as the full exercise of function results in
individual’s self-realization

Aristotle Concept of the full exercise of

functions:
• Fulfilling
• Realizing
• Actualizing
• Developing one’s nature with all its
potential
 Aristotle cont…..

• Man possesses a
threefold nature:
o Vegetative
o Sentient
o Rational

o The physical body represents the vegetative aspect which

must be cultivated by whole some food and proper exercise
 Example of Vegetative
-One must eat, drink, work (or any form of bodily
activity), and rest in order to survive and to keep oneself
physically fit

Therefore pertains to the development of one’s vegetative nature

is good and must be done, whereas any act that stifles its
actualization is bad and must be avoided
Example:
To starve oneself is bad enough, but to injure or hurt
oneself so as to threatens one’s own life is even worse
• Sentient- as such, his sensual feelings and emotions must be
fully developed through appropriate sex activity within the limits
of social conventions

• Human being are rational animals.

• The full realization of their

vegetative and sentient nature keeps
them longing for more lasting
• Food, shelter and sex are insufficient to quench their
satisfaction
thirst for self-realization
Aristotle view

• Rational- is the highest, richest and supernal form of self-

realization stems from the full cultivation of man’s highest nature

• Man highest nature is to be found in the realm of the mind, in

the intellectual dimensions of life which is distinctively human
- It is the fullest expression of thought that can produces the
greatest happiness and self-fulfillment
• The doctrine of the golden mean, or moderation is central in
the self-realization ethics of Aristotle, especially in the full
exercise of functions regarding the development of man’s
vegetative and sentient nature
• Reasons seeks the balanced course between too much or too
little
• Extremes and excesses are always evil, hence to be avoided

• Anumang bagay kung sumobra ay masama

• The essence of life is activity

• Ang paggalaw ang siyang kakanyahan ng buhay

• Once a person ceases to be mobile and to be active, he
begins to deteriorate

• In Filipino thought: “Ang itak na hindi ginagalaw ay

kinakalawang.”
7. THOMISTIC ETHICS
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

13th century profound Italian philosopher and

theologian
‘the source of moral law is reason itself’
reason recognizes the basic principle “Do
good, avoid evil” Gawin ang mabuti, iwasan
ang masama
Thomists

right reason or the voice of reason (tinig ng

katuwiran) as the moral norm
“The good must be done, and evil, avoided”
What is the good?

St. Thomas asserts the human good is that which is

suitable to and proper for human nature. Thus, whenever
an act is suitable to human nature as such, then it is good
and it must be done; whenever it is not proper to human
nature, however, then it is evil and it must be avoided
Ang gawaing karapatdapat sa kalikasang tao ay mabuti;
ang gawaing hindi karapatdapat dito ay masama
Three natural inclinations:

Self-preservation- just dealing with others, and

propagation of our species

Self-destruction- urges us to care for our health, not

to kill ourselves or put ourselves in danger

Self-immolation- putting oneself in unnecessary

jeopardy are by nature evil
Seven Circumstances cited by St. Thomas

Who?
- has something to do with the special quality, prestige, rank or
excellence of the person involved in the moral act.
What?
- refers to the quality or quantity of the moral object
Where?
- denotes the place where the act occurs
By what means?
- refers to the means used in carrying out the act
Why?
- the end or purpose is considered as a circumstance affecting the
goodness or badness of the action
How?
- indicates the manner in which the action is done
When?
- refers to the time element involved in the performance of an action,
not only with regard to quantity but to quality as well
Moral Principles usually associated with Thomistic ethics:

The double effect principle

- applies to a situation in which a good effect and an evil effect will result
from a good cause
The principle of totality
- states that an individual has the right to cut off, mutilate, or remove any
defective or worn out nonfunctioning part of his body; to dispose of his organs
or to destroy their capacity to function
The stewardship principle
- declares that human life comes from God, and no individual is the
master of his or her own body.
Principle of the inviolability of life
- states that life is God’s and has been loaned to us; hence, it is inviolable and
sacred
The principle of sexuality and procreation
- underscores a twofold purpose of sexual union: 1) the procreation and
nurturing of children; and 2) the expression of loving union and companionship
8. FILIPINO CENTRIPETAL ETHICS
Filipino Centripetal Ethics

Morality refers to the people’s using the self as the center,

basis or gauge of moral judgments, of good & evil
Centripetal here means “tending to wards the center” from
the Latin Centrum, a “center”, and peto or petere , “to seesk”
It can be regarded as person-centered or self- oriented
approach to morality
The self or pagkatao becomes a balance of moral valuations
This concept of morality revolves around the golden rule &
the nonjudgmental
Ginintuang Tuntunin

Ang masama sa iyo, huwag mong gawin sa kapwa mo

Ang masakit sa iyo ay masakit din sa iba

Batas Panunumbalik
Kung anu ang iyong itinanim ay iyon din ang iyong aanahin

Tuntuning Di- Paghuhusga’t di- Pamumula

Kutyain mo muna ang iyong sarili bago mo kutyain ang iba
Bago ka papahid sa ibang uling, ang uling mo muna ang
iyong pahirin
Tuntuning Di- Paghuhusga’t di- Pamumula

Bago linisin ang ibang looban, linisin mo muna ang sariling

bakuran
Marunong bumati ng sa ibang uling, datapwat sa mukha’y
naglawit ang agiw
Marunung kumita sa ibang uling, ngunit ang mukhang puno
ng dumi’y hindi napapansin
Itong may uling sa mukha, uwak ang ka halimbawa; uuwak-
uuwak kung magwika, bago’y uuwak din siyang pawa
Reference: Quest for Meaning: Philosophy Made Easy for
Filipinos, Florentino T. Timbreza, 2000
QUIZZES