Oral language in L1

and L2
By: Miss Win Love Morron
 Introduction
• Literacy is one of the most important foundations for a child’s
success in school and life.
• A poor foundation in literacy prior to formal school entry does not
only reduce the likelihood of later success in literacy, but also
increases the risk of children ‘dropping out’ of formal education
(Silvastein et al. 2002).
• For all learners, a high-quality early education is critical to ensuring
their long term academic success. Through active engagement in
literacy development process, children are able to develop their
literacy skills. Early grade learners can develop a strong
foundation for literacy development when they are given
opportunities to engage in purposeful, meaningful language and
early print activities. Effective early literacy instruction provides
early grade learners with developmentally appropriate settings,
materials, experiences, and social support that encourage early
forms of reading, writing, speaking and listening to flourish and
develop into conventional literacy.

2
“
3
First Language (L1) Acquisition
◈ First Language (L1) refers to a person's first
acquired language. It is the language that is
most prevalent in the home as learners are
growing up and the first language used for
communication (Goode, n. d.).

4
Stages of
L1
Acquisition
5
Pre-linguistic stage
◈ babbling (6-8 months
◈ Cooing (2-4 months
of age), involves the
of age), which creation of simple
involves the simple sounds, but children
act of making are more able to
sounds and noises. control the sounds
◈ Toward the end of they make .
this stage, children ◈ They're learning to
will develop the make sounds they
ability to laugh. choose to make and
when they choose to
make them. 6
 One-Word stage or Holophrastic stag (9-18
months)
At this stage, children are able
to utter one-word responses,
although they can understand
more. They learn to
communicate this way and are
able to explain wants and needs
using one-word utterances
(Goode, n. d.).

7
 Two-word stage (18-24 months).
◈ At this stage, children begins to develop more complex
phrases with multiple words which form a more complete
thought than in the previous stage.
◈ The child can better define items and personal belongings
by combining two words at a time. For example, the child
may point to a car and say “mommy car”, communicating
that either the child thinks that is his/her mother’s car or it
actually is.
8
 Telegraphic stage (24-30 months)
◈ During this stage, the children analytical skills enhance
and their ability to form complete sentences emerges.
◈ Their words have more of a purpose rather than simply
identifying objects and people like in the previous stages
(Goode, n. d.).
◈ At this point in a child’s life, roughly age two, they tend
to acquire more and new vocabularies rapidly.

9
 Multi-word stage (after 30 months of age)
◈ when the development of language begins to
grow exponentially.
◈ The final stage in development has children
putting together multi-word sentences for the
sake of communication.
◈ As they grow, their sentences will begin to
follow proper rules of grammar and syntax
and will become increasingly complex.
10
Stages of L2
Development
11
L2 refers to
a second
language

12
 Pre-production
◈ also called the silent stage, where there is
more understanding of the language than
actual use.
◈ Comprehension is still minimal and there's a
lot of use of gestures and other forms of
nonverbal communication.
◈ This stage can last up to six months.

13
Early production
◈ in which comprehension is still limited, but a
learner is able to use one- and two-word
utterances to convey meaning.
◈ Present tense use is most common.
◈ This stage can last from six months up to a
full year.

14
Speech emergence
◈ At this stage, learners typically acquire a vocabulary of up to
3,000 words, and learn to communicate by putting the words in
short phrases, sentences, and questions.
◈ Learners tend to use the Language purposefully.
◈ Again, they may not be grammatically correct, but this is an
important stage during which learners gain greater
comprehension and begin reading and writing in their second
language.
15
Intermediate fluency
◈ learners typically have a vocabulary of as many as 6,000
words.
◈ They usually acquire the ability to communicate in
writing and speech using more complex sentences.
◈ This crucial stage is also when learners begin actually
thinking in their second language, which helps them gain
more proficiency in speaking it.

16
Advance fluency 
◈ According to (Goode, n. d.), it takes
most learners at least two years to
reach this stage, and then up to 10
years to achieve full mastery of the
second language in all its
complexities and nuances.

17
Advance fluency 
◈ Second language learners need ongoing opportunities to
engage in discussions and express themselves in their new
language, in order to maintain fluency in it.
◈ At this stage learners have a good handle on their L2
language.
◈ They understand well, speak with very few errors, and
even possess a strong L2 vocabulary.

18
THANK
S!
Any questions?
CREDITS/Resources
◈ Shttps://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/15-months-old-baby-growth-and-
development/
◈ https://
raisingchildren.net.au/babies/behaviour/understanding-behaviour/baby-behaviour-a
wareness
◈ May, F. B., Fulton, L., & May, F. B. (2006). Teach reading creatively: Reading &
writing as Communication. Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall.
◈ Seth Badu (Author), 2019, The role of First Language (L1) and Second Language
(L2) in the literacy development of early grade learners, Munich, GRIN Verlag,
https://www.grin.com/document/935179
◈ "L1 & L2 Literacy Development." Study.com, 27 June 2018,
study.com/academy/lesson/l1-l2-literacy-development.html
20