MATTER

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

Homogeneous
Elements Compounds
Heterogeneous
Pure Substances -often referred to as a "chemical
substance."
- a material that has a constant composition(is homogeneous)
and has consistent properties throughout the sample.
Characteristics and Properties Of Pure Substances

1.) Pure substances are mostly homogeneous in

nature containing only one type of atom or
molecule.
Tip for Recognizing Pure
2.) These substances mainly have a constant Substances
or uniform composition throughout. If you can write a
3.) The substances have fixed boiling and chemical formula for a
substance or if it is a
melting points. pure element, it is a pure
4.) A pure substance usually participates substance!
in a chemical reaction to form
predictable products.
 ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
 An element is a pure chemical  A compound contains atoms of
substance made of same type of different elements chemically
atom. combined together in a fixed
 Elements contain only one type ratio
of atom. Each atom has the same  Compounds contain different
atomic number i.e., the same elements in a fixed ratio
number of protons in their arranged in a defined manner
nucleus. through chemical bonds.
 Elements cannot be broken down  A compound can be separated into
into simpler substances by simpler substances by chemical
chemical reactions. methods/reactions.
Ex: Hydrogen (H), Ex: Water (H2O),
Oxygen (O), Sodium Sodium chloride
(Na), Chlorine (Cl), (NaCl), Sodium
Carbon (C), Iron (Fe), bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
copper (Cu), silver and Hydrochloric acid
(Ag), and gold (Au). (HCl)
 - are made up of two or more substances that
Mixtures are only physically combined and can thus be
separated into their components through simple
physical means.
Properties Of Mixtures
1.) The original physical and essentially the chemical
properties of the substances remain intact without any
changes.
2.) The separations of the substances from the mixture can
easily be done as it is just a mechanical blending process
3.) The substance does not share any chemical bonding while
in a mixture. 
4.) The proportions in which the substances are dissolved is
variable
 HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS
UNIFORM NO YES
 (The state or characteristic of being
even, normal, equal or similar.)
You can see the YES NO
parts
Can be separated
physically
YES NO
ice cubes (before they melt) in soda, milkshakes, blended vegetable juice,
cereal in milk, various toppings on a sugar dissolved in coffee, alcohol in
Examples pizza, toppings in frozen yogurt, a water, and alloys like steel
box of assorted nuts.

Chemically
bonded NO NO
 Three Families of MIXTURES
SOLUTION COLLOID SUSPENSIONS
Heterogeneous at
Heterogeneous
HOMOGENEITY Homogeneous the microscopic
level but visually
homogeneous
PARTICLE < 1 nanometer (nm) 1 nm–1 micrometer(μm) > 1 μm
SIZE
PHYSICALLY Needs
Yes Yes stabilizing
STABLE agents
Exhibits TYNDALL
EFFECT
No Yes Yes
Basically a lot of small particles
Once the substances
DEFINITION suspended by the water, rather than Settle out quickly
are combined, they stay being dissolved in it, so it must be
combined. shaken frequently
TYNDALL EFFECT
EXAMPLES OF SUSPENSIONS: EXAMPLES OF COLLOIDS:

1.Muddy water 1.Aerosols: Solid or

2.Milk of magnesia liquid mixed with gas;
3.Sand particles Example: fog (liquid in
suspended in water gas)
4.Flour in water 2.Sols: Solid mixed with
5.Slaked lime for liquid; Example: Paint
whitewashing 3.Emulsion: Liquid with
6.Paints in which dyes liquid; Example: oil
are suspended in and water
turpentine oil. 4.Gel: liquid in solid;
Example: Fruit jelly
 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURE
1. FILTRATION
  -a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a
filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid

Brewing coffee involves passing hot water through the ground coffee and a filter; Air conditioners
and many vacuum cleaners use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen from the air; Many
aquariums use filters containing fibers that capture particulates; Belt filters recover precious metals
during mining; Water in an aquifer is relatively pure because it has been filtered through sand and
permeable rock in the ground.
2. DECANTATION
  - the solid particles are allowed to settle first t the bottom and later,
the liquid which is called supernatant is poured into another container
leaving behind solid particle

Oil and water

Gasoline or kerosene and water
Dirt and water.
Wine
Cream and milk
Blood and plasma
3. EVAPORATION Drying clothes
4. DISTILLATION - "distillation" means to purify something.
- a process of separating homogeneous mixture composed of
two substances with different melting points

Pure water can be separated

from salt water through
distillation. Salt water is boiled
to create form steam, but the
salt remains in the solution.
The steam is collected and
allowed to cool back into salt-
free water. The salt remains in
the original container.
5.) MAGNETIC SEPARATION
- a process of separating elemental metals from other particles in a
mixture

Recycling centers use

magnetic separation often to
separate components from
recycling, isolate metals, and
purify ores
6.) MELTING - a process that can be used in extricating mixture that
contain two substances with different melting points

Alcohol 78.37 °C and water 100 °C

Oil 300 °C and water 100 °C

***Water has a higher boiling point than

alcohol that's why alcohol will evaporate
faster than water
7.) SUBLIMATION - a process of changing solid to gas without passing
through the liquid state

Dry Ice
Printers
Air fresheners
Mothballs
Freeze Drying
8.) CENTRIFUGATION - the mixture is poured into a specil tube in the
centrifuge apparatus and is allowed to spin using cebtrifugal force.
The spinning motion forces the sediments to settle at the bottom.
The liquid can be poured off from the solid particles.

 The extraction of fat from milk in order to

produce skimmed milk.
 The removal of water from moist lettuce
with the help of a salad spinner.
 The Spin-drying of water in washing
machines in order to remove water from
the clothing.
 The separation of solid blood and urine
materials into forensic and testing
laboratories
9.) CHROMATOGRAPHY - it has various methods that can be used such as
paper chromatography, which makes the adsorbent (filter paper or
chromatogram paper), then separation depends upon the solubility
of each component in the solvent
 To study the process of fermentation
and ripening.
 To check the purity of
pharmaceuticals.
 To inspect cosmetics.
 To detect the adulterants.
 To detect the contaminants in drinks
and foods.
 To examine the reaction mixtures in
biochemical laboratories.
 To determine dopes and drugs in humans
and animals
 PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS

1.) Consumer Product - it is any item often bought for

consumption.

 Convenience Product -  items that consumers buy often

and easily without putting much thought or
emotion into them.

Laundry detergent
Toothpaste
Vitamins
Cleaning supplies
Beverages