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3 - Lagrange Method
3 - Lagrange Method
by
CSE, UAP
1
Lagrange Method of
Interpolation
What is Interpolation ?
Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… (xn,yn), find the
value of ‘y’ at a value of ‘x’ that is not given.
3
Interpolants
Polynomials are the most common
choice of interpolants because they
are easy to:
Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.
4
Lagrangian Interpolation
Lagrangian interpolating polynomial is given by
n
f n ( x) Li ( x) f ( xi )
i 0
where ‘ n ’ in f n (x) stands for the n th order polynomial that approximates the function y f (x)
5
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for linear interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v(t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
1
v(t ) Li (t )v(ti ) 500
i 0
ys
L0 (t )v(t 0 ) L1 (t )v(t1 ) f ( range)
450
f x desired
7
Linear Interpolation (contd)
1 t tj t t1
L0 (t )
j 0 t0 t j t 0 t1
j 0
1 t tj t t0
L1 (t )
j 0 t1 t j t1 t 0
j 1
t t1 t t0 t 20 t 15
v(t ) v(t 0 ) v(t1 ) (362.78) (517.35)
t 0 t1 t1 t 0 15 20 20 15
16 20 16 15
v(16) (362.78) (517.35)
15 20 20 15
0.8(362.78) 0.2(517.35)
393.7 m/s.
8
Quadratic Interpolation
For the second order polynomial interpolation (also called quadratic interpolation), we
choose the velocity given by
2
v (t ) Li ( t ) v(t i )
i 0
L0 (t )v (t 0 ) L1 (t ) v( t1 ) L2 (t ) v( t 2 )
9
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for quadratic interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v(t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
500
t1 15, v(t1 ) 362.78
t 2 20, v(t 2 ) 517.35 450
ys
400
f ( range)
2 t tj t t1 t t 2
L0 (t )
f x desired 350
j 0 t0 t j t t
0 1 0 2 t t
j 0
300
2 t t j t t0 t t 2
L1 (t )
j 0 t1 t j t1 t 0 t1 t 2 250
j 1
227.04
2 t tj t t 0 t t1 200
L2 (t ) 10 12 14 16 18 20
j 0 t2 t j t t
2 0 2 1 t t 10 x s range x desired 20
j2
11
Quadratic Interpolation (contd)
t t1 t t2 t t0 t t 2 t t0 t t1
vt vt0 vt1 vt 2
t0 t1 t0 t 2 t1 t0 t1 t2 t 2 t0 t2 t1
16 15 16 20 16 10 16 20 16 10 16 15
v16 227 . 04 362 .78 517.35
10 15 10 20 15 10 15 20 20 10 20 15
0.08227.04 0.96362.78 0.12527.35
392.19 m/s
The absolute relative approximate error a obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is
392.19 393.70
a 100
392.19
0.38410%
12
Cubic Interpolation
For the third order polynomial (also called cubic interpolation), we choose the velocity given by
3
v (t ) Li ( t ) v(t i )
i 0
600
ys 500
f ( range)
f x desired
400
300
227.04 200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
10 x s range x desired 22.5
13
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for cubic interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v(t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
700
3 t tj t t 1 t t 2 t t 3 602.97
L0 (t ) ;
j 0 t0 t j t t t t
0 1 0 2 0 3 t t 600
j 0
3 t t j t t0 t t 2 t t 3
L1 (t )
ys
500
t1 t j t1 t 0 t1 t 2 t1 t 3
f ( range)
j 0
j 1
f x desired
400
3 t tj t t 0 t t1 t t 3
L2 (t ) ;
t2 t j t 2 t 0 t 2 t 1 t 2 t 3
300
j 0
j 2
227.04
3 t tj t t 0 t t1 t t 2 200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
L3 ( t ) 10 x s range x desired 22.5
j 0 t3 t j t3 t 0 t 3 t1 t3 t 2
j 3
15
Cubic Interpolation (contd)
t t1 t t 2 t t3 t t0 t t 2 t t3
vt vt1 vt 2
t t t
0 1 0 2 0 3 t t t t t t
1 0 1 2 1 3 t t t
t t0 t t1 t t3 t t1 t t1 t t 2
vt 2 vt3
t t t
2 0 2 1 2 3 t t t t t t
3 1 3 1 3 2 t t t
16 15 16 20 16 22.5 16 10 16 20 16 22.5
v16 227.04 362.78
10 15 10 20 10 22.5 15 10 15 20 15 22.5
16 10 16 15 16 22.5 16 10 16 15 16 20
517.35 602.97
20 10 20 15 20 22. 5 22 .5 10 22.5 15 22. 5 20
0.0416227.04 0.832362.78 0.312517.35 0.1024602.97
392.06 m/s
The absolute relative approximate error a obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is
392.06 392.19
a 100
392.06
0.033269%
16
Comparison Table
Order of
1 2 3
Polynomial
v(t=16) m/s 393.69 392.19 392.06
Absolute Relative
-------- 0.38410% 0.033269%
Approximate Error
17
Distance from Velocity Profile
Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to
t=16s ?
v(t ) (t 3 57.5t 2 1087.5t 6750)( 0.36326) (t 3 52.5t 2 875t 4500)(1.9348)
(t 3 47.5t 2 712.5t 3375)( 4.1388) (t 3 45t 2 650t 3000)( 2.5727)
v (t ) 4.245 21.265t 0.13195t 2 0.00544t 3 , 10 t 22.5
16
s(16) s (11) v( t ) dt
11
16
t2 t3 t 4 16
[ 4.245t 21.265 0.13195 0.00544 ]11
2 3 4
1605 m
18
Acceleration from Velocity Profile
Find the acceleration of the rocket at t=16s given that
d d
a t v t 4.245 21.265t 0.13195t 0.00544t 3
2 ,
dt dt
29.665 m / s 2
19
THE END