Linear Regression

by

Dr. Md. Rajibul Islam

CSE, UAP

10/11/22 1
 What is Regression?
What is regression? Given n data points ( x1, y1), ( x 2, y 2), ... , ( xn, yn )
best fit y  f (x) to the data. The best fit is generally based on
minimizing the sum of the square of the residuals, Sr .

Residual at a point is ( xn, yn )

i  yi  f ( xi )

y  f (x)
Sum of the square of the residuals
n
( x1, y1)
Sr   ( yi  f ( xi )) 2

i 1
Figure. Basic model for regression

2
 Linear Regression-Criterion#1
Given n data points ( x1, y1), ( x 2, y 2), ... , ( xn, yn ) best fit y  a 0  a1 x
to the data.
y

xi , yi

 i  yi  a0  a1 xi x ,y
n n

x ,y
2 2
x ,y
3 3

x1 , y1  i  yi  a0  a1 xi

x
Figure. Linear regression of y vs. x data showing residuals at a typical point, xi .
n
Does minimizing 
i 1
i work as a criterion, where i  yi  ( a 0  a1 xi )
Observed value Predicted value
3
 Example for Criterion#1
Example: Given the data points (2,4), (3,6), (2,6) and (3,8), best fit
the data to a straight line using Criterion#1

Table. Data Points 10

8
x y
6
2.0 4.0
y

4
3.0 6.0
2
2.0 6.0
3.0 8.0 0
0 1 2 3 4
x

Figure. Data points for y vs. x data.

4
 Linear Regression-Criteria#1
This is calculated by the equation of line from two points

Using y=4x-4 as the regression curve

Table. Residuals at each point for

regression model y = 4x – 4. 10

x y ypredicted ε = y - ypredicted 8

2.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 6

y
3.0 6.0 8.0 -2.0 4

2.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 2

3.0 8.0 8.0 0.0
0
4
0 1 2 3 4

i 1
i 0
x

Figure. Regression curve for y=4x-4, y vs. x data

5
 Linear Regression-Criteria#1
Using y=6 as a regression curve

Table. Residuals at each point for y=6

10
x y ypredicted ε = y - ypredicted
8
2.0 4.0 6.0 -2.0
6
3.0 6.0 6.0 0.0
y
4
2.0 6.0 6.0 0.0
2
3.0 8.0 6.0 2.0
4 0

i 1
i
0 0 1 2 3 4
x

Figure. Regression curve for y=6, y vs. x data

6
 Linear Regression – Criterion #1


i 1
i  0 for both regression models of y=4x-4 and y=6.

The sum of the residuals is as small as possible, that is zero,

but the regression model is not unique.

Hence the above criterion of minimizing the sum of the

residuals is a bad criterion.

7
 Linear Regression-Criterion#2
n

Will minimizing 
i 1
i work any better?

y
x,y
i i

 i  yi  a0  a1 xi x ,y
n n

x2 , y 2
x ,y
3 3

x1 , y1  i  yi  a0  a1 xi

x
Figure. Linear regression of y vs. x data showing residuals at a typical point, xi .

8
 Linear Regression-Criteria 2
Using y=4x-4 as the regression curve

Table. The absolute residuals

employing the y=4x-4 regression 10
model 8

x y ypredicted |ε| = |y - ypredicted| 6

y
2.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 4
3.0 6.0 8.0 2.0
2
2.0 6.0 4.0 2.0
0
3.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4
4 x
  
i 1
i
4
Figure. Regression curve for y=4x-4, y vs. x
data

9
 Linear Regression-Criteria#2
Using y=6 as a regression curve

Table. Absolute residuals employing

the y=6 model 10

x y ypredicted |ε| = |y – ypredicted| 8

6
2.0 4.0 6.0 2.0
y 4
3.0 6.0 6.0 0.0
2
2.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 0
3.0 8.0 6.0 2.0 0 1 2 3 4
4 x

i 1
i 4
Figure. Regression curve for y=6, y vs. x data

10
 Linear Regression-Criterion#2
4


i 1
i  4 for both regression models of y=4x-4 and y=6.

The sum of the absolute residuals has been made as small as

possible, that is 4, but the regression model is not unique.
Hence the above criterion of minimizing the sum of the absolute
value of the residuals is also a bad criterion.
4

Can you find a regression line for which 

i 1
i 4

11
 Least Squares Criterion
The least squares criterion minimizes the sum of the square of the
residuals in the model, and also produces a unique line.
n n 2

S r    i    yi  a0  a1 xi 
2

i 1 i 1
y

xi , yi

 i  yi  a0  a1 xi xn , y n

x2 , y 2
x3 , y3

x1 , y1
 i  yi  a0  a1 xi

x
Figure. Linear regression of y vs. x data showing residuals at a typical point, xi .
12
 Finding Constants of Linear Model
n n 2

Minimize the sum of the square of the residuals: S r    i    yi  a0  a1 xi 

2

i 1 i 1
To find a 0 and a1 we minimize Sr with respect to a1 and a 0 .
S r n
 2  y i  a0  a1 xi  1  0
a 0 i 1

S r n
 2  y i  a0  a1 xi  xi   0
a1 i 1

giving
n n n

a  a x   y
i 1
0
i 1
1 i
i 1
i

n n n

a x  a x   yi xi
2
0 i 1 i
i 1 i 1 i 1

13
 Finding Constants of Linear Model
Solving for a 0 and a1 directly yields,
n n n
n x i y i  x i  y i
i 1 i 1 i 1
a1  2
2  
n n
n x i   x i 
i 1  i 1 
and
n n n n

x y x x y
i 1
2
i
i 1
i
i 1
i
i 1
i i
a0  2
n
 n 
n x   x i 
2
i
i 1  i 1 

Average value of y
Average value of x
a 0  y  a1 x
14
 Example 1
The torque, T needed to turn the torsion spring of a mousetrap through
an angle, is given below. Find the constants for the model given by
T  k1  k 2

Table: Torque vs Angle for a 0.4

torsional spring

Angle, θ Torque, T
Torque (N-m)

0.3

Radians N-m
0.2
0.698132 0.188224
0.959931 0.209138
0.1
1.134464 0.230052
0.5 1 1.5 2
1.570796 0.250965 θ (radians)
1.919862 0.313707
Figure. Data points for Torque vs Angle data

15
 Example 1 cont.
The following table shows the summations needed for the calculations of
the constants in the regression model.
Table. Tabulation of data for calculation of important
summations
Using equations described for
 T 2 T
a 0 and a1 with n  5
Radians N-m Radians2 N-m-Radians 5 5 5
0.698132 0.188224 0.487388 0.131405 n   i Ti   i  Ti
0.959931 0.209138 0.921468 0.200758 k2  i 1 i 1 i 1
2
5 5
2  
1.134464 0.230052 1.2870 0.260986
n   i    i 
1.570796 0.250965 2.4674 0.394215 i 1  i 1 
51.5896  6.28311.1921
1.919862 0.313707 3.6859 0.602274
5


i 1
6.2831 1.1921 8.8491 1.5896 58.8491  6.2831
2

 9.6091 10 2 N-m/rad

16
 Example 1 cont.
Use the average torque and average angle to calculate k1
5 5

_ T i _  i
T i 1
 i 1
n n
1.1921 6.2831
 
5 5
 2.3842  10 1  1.2566

Using,
_ _
k1  T  k 2 
 2.3842  10 1  (9.6091  10 2 )(1.2566)
 1.1767  10 1 N-m

17
 Example 1 Results
Using linear regression, a trend line is found from the data

Figure. Linear regression of Torque versus Angle data

Can you find the energy in the spring if it is twisted from 0 to 180 degrees?
18
 Linear Regression with zero
intercept (special case)

Given

( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ), ... , ( xn, yn)

best fit

y  a1 x

to the data.

19
 Linear Regression (special case cont.)
y  a1 x
n n n
n x i y i  x i  y i
i 1 i 1 i 1
a1  2
n
 n
n x i2   x i 
i 1  i 1 

Is this correct?

20
 Linear Regression (special case cont.)

y
xi , yi

 i  yi  a1 xi x ,y
n n

xi , a1 xi

x1 , y1

21
 Linear Regression (special case cont.)

Residual at each data point

 i  yi  a1 xi
Sum of square of residuals
n
Sr    i
2

i 1

n 2

   yi  a1 xi 
i 1

22
 Linear Regression (special case cont.)
Differentiate with respect to a1
dS r n
  2 y i  a1 xi  xi 
da1 i 1

 
n
   2 yi xi  2a1 xi
2

i 1

dS r
0
da1
gives
n

x y i i
a1  i 1
n

 i
x 2

i 1
23
 Linear Regression (special case cont.)
Does this value of a1 correspond to a local minima or local
maxima? n

x y i i
a1  i 1
n

 i
x 2

i 1

dS r
 
n
   2 y i xi  2a1 xi
2

da1 i 1
d 2Sr n
  2 xi  0
2
2
da1 i 1

Yes, it corresponds to a local minima.

n

x y i i
a1  i 1
n

x
i 1
2
i

24
 Example 2
To find the longitudinal modulus of composite, the following data is
collected. Find the longitudinal modulus, E using the regression model
Table. Stress vs. Strain data   E and the sum of the square of the
Strain Stress
(%) (MPa)
residuals.
0 0 3.0E+09
0.183 306
0.36 612 S tress, σ (P a)
2.0E+09
0.5324 917
0.702 1223
0.867 1529 1.0E+09
1.0244 1835
1.1774 2140
0.0E+00
1.329 2446
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
1.479 2752
Strain, ε (m/m)
1.5 2767
1.56 2896 Figure. Data points for Stress vs. Strain data
25
 Example 2 cont.
n
Table. Summation data for regression model  i 1
i i

i ε σ ε2 εσ E n


2
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 i
2 1.8300×10−3 3.0600×108 3.3489×10−6 5.5998×105 i 1
12
3
4
3.6000×10−3
5.3240×10−3
6.1200×108
9.1700×108
1.2960×10−5
2.8345×10−5
2.2032×106
4.8821×106

i 1
i
2
 1.2764  10 3
5 7.0200×10−3 1.2230×109 4.9280×10−5 8.5855×106 12

6 8.6700×10−3 1.5290×109 7.5169×10−5 1.3256×107  

i 1
i i  2.3337  10 8
7 1.0244×10−2 1.8350×109 1.0494×10−4 1.8798×107 12
8 1.1774×10 −2
2.1400×10 9
1.3863×10 −4
2.5196×10 7
  i i
9 1.3290×10 −2
2.4460×10 9
1.7662×10 −4
3.2507×10 7
E i 1
12
10 1.4790×10 2.7520×10 2.1874×10 4.0702×10
 2
−2 9 −4 7

i
11 1.5000×10−2 2.7670×109 2.2500×10−4 4.1505×107 i 1
12 1.5600×10 −2
2.8960×10 9
2.4336×10 −4
4.5178×10 7
2.3337  108
12 
1.2764  10 3
 1.2764×10−3 2.3337×108
i 1  182.84 GPa

26
 Example 2 Results
The equation   182.84  10 9  describes the data.

Figure. Linear regression for stress vs. strain data

27
THE END